Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act (Amendment) of 1918 Essay

Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act (Amendment) of 1918On April 2nd 1917, President Woodrow Wilson of the unite States of America, went before Congress and cal conduct for a declaration of state of war. Both the House and the Senate voted overwhelmingly in favor of going to war with Germany.? This was an act that led to much opposite among the American people. Not four months earlier the American people re-elected President Wilson, partly because of his success in keeping the join States out of this European war. However, a series of events, such as the Germans continuing submarine warfare and the attacks on five American ships, led President Wilson to sever diplomatic relations with Germany and order the United States into what would be labeled as World War I. As a result of the war the establishment enacted the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 which led to the suppression of anti-war documents and sentiments, as well as the prosecution of over two-thousan d individuals. Despite earlier resistance to the war by the American people, once war was say patriotism swept over the nation. However, patriotism rose to it?s peak and quickly turned to an bigotry for any kind of dissidence of the war. With a general intolerance for opponents of the war the government began to repress groups advocating against the war, as did private organizations. One such organization relieve oneselfd to suppress anti-war ideals was the Committee on Public Information (CPI). CPI was designate in place to provide trustworthy information to the public, as well as stifle any misleading wartime rumors. However, the CPI ended up creating propaganda for the government to distort the views of the American people and worked to destroy and discredit all those who opposed the government?s ideology.?The effect of such incessant propaganda was to promote hysterical plague of all things German.? Any individual who had the audacity to speak against the war was assaulted either verbal or physically, and on many occasions murdered. With the ideals of the government on the war growing in the nation, Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917. After a joint session of Congress, where President Wilson reported on relations with Germany, the first of three bills that would create the Espionage Act of 1917, was introduced. The Congr... ...istory.? 2002. PageWise. (22 November 2004). ?Espionage.? 2000-2004. The War to End All Wars. Michael Duffy. Original Material. Primary entrys Online. (22 November 2004). ?Clear and Present Danger? Test. 2004. Exploring Constitutional Conflicts. (22 November 2004). ?The U.S. Sedition Act.? 1996. World War I Document Archive. (22 November 2004). ?The Sedition Act of 1918.? 2003. (22 November 2004). ?Espionage Act.? 2004. Education on the Internet & Teaching History Online. (22 November 2004). Stone, Geoffrey. Judge Learned Hand and The Espionage Act of 1917 A Mystery Unraveled.Schenck v. United States Baer v. United S tates. Essential Documents in American History. 1919. Essential Documents.?The Sedition Act of 1918.? 1918. From The United States Statues at Large.(22 November 2004). ?Text of The Sedition Act.? 2004. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. (22 November 2004). ?The Wilson Administration.? 2002. U.S. History.com. (22 November 2004). Zinn, Howard. Progressive. May (2004). 16-20.?Opposing the War fellowship?.

The Numerous Themes in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Numerous Themes in Othello The Shakespearean tragedy Othello contains a bit of themes their relative importance and priority is debated by literary critics. In this essay let us examine the various themes and determine which are dominant and which subordinate. A. C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, describes the theme of sexual jealousy in Othello yet jealousy, and especially sexual jealousy, brings with it a sense of shame and humiliation. For this reason it is in the main hidden if we perceive it we ourselves are ashamed and turn our eyes away and when it is non hidden it commonly stirs contempt as well as pity. Nor is this all. such(prenominal) jealousy as Othellos converts hu gay nature into chaos, and liberates the beast in man and it does this in relation to one of the more or less intense and also the most ideal of human feelings. (169) Helen Gardner in Othello A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune sees that gender is also involved Othello is not a study in pride, egoism, or self-deception its subject is sexual jealousy, loss of faith in a anatomy which involves the whole personality at the profound point where body meets spirit. The base which Othello cannot accept is Iagos Put up with it. This is as impossible as that juncture should, like Claudius, behave as if the past were done with and only the enter mattered. . . . (144) Of course, jealousy of a non-sexual nature torments the antagonist, the ancient, to the point that he ruins those around him and himself. Francis Ferguson in cardinal Worldviews Echo Each Other describes On the contrary, in the world of his philosophical system and his imagination, where his spirit lives, t... ...en. Othello A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from The Noble Moor. British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Heilman, Robert B. Wit and Witchcraft an Approach to Othello. Shakespeare Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Rev. Ed. Rpt. from The Sewanee Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10 and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16. Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare The Tragedies. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1985. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. The Numerous Themes in Othello Essay -- Othello essaysThe Numerous Themes in Othello The Shakespearean tragedy Othello contains a number of themes their relative importance and priority is debated by literary critics. In this essay let us examine the various themes and determine which are dominant and which subordinate. A. C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, describes the theme of sexual jeal ousy in Othello But jealousy, and especially sexual jealousy, brings with it a sense of shame and humiliation. For this reason it is generally hidden if we perceive it we ourselves are ashamed and turn our eyes away and when it is not hidden it commonly stirs contempt as well as pity. Nor is this all. Such jealousy as Othellos converts human nature into chaos, and liberates the beast in man and it does this in relation to one of the most intense and also the most ideal of human feelings. (169) Helen Gardner in Othello A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune sees that sexuality is also involved Othello is not a study in pride, egoism, or self-deception its subject is sexual jealousy, loss of faith in a form which involves the whole personality at the profound point where body meets spirit. The solution which Othello cannot accept is Iagos Put up with it. This is as impossible as that Hamlet should, like Claudius, behave as if the past were done with and only the present mattered. . . . (1 44) Of course, jealousy of a non-sexual nature torments the antagonist, the ancient, to the point that he ruins those around him and himself. Francis Ferguson in Two Worldviews Echo Each Other describes On the contrary, in the world of his philosophy and his imagination, where his spirit lives, t... ...en. Othello A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from The Noble Moor. British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Heilman, Robert B. Wit and Witchcraft an Approach to Othello. Shakespeare Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Rev. Ed. Rpt. from The Sewanee Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10 and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16. Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare The Tragedies. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1985. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The El ectric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Global Warming and Agriculture Essays -- Geology

globose Warming and AgricultureGlobal warming has been a major topic of environmental concern over the past several decades. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recently predicted a 1 to 3.5 degree Celsius development in average atmospheric temperature above 1990 levels by the year 2100. Although this temperature attach may seem small, even an increase or decrease of a few degrees in atmospheric temperature is capable of causing drastic alterations in the agricultural process, among many other everyday issues. though many studies have been done on the probable effects of an increase in global mean temperature, much is still unknown or solely guessed at, due to a general lack of deeper appreciation of state?s very complex climate system. The effects of factors such as climate variability, weewee availability, and quality of adaptive response by farmers to the ever-changing climate cannot be determined conclusively. This results in a rather wide range of v ariability in predictions of global warming effects on Earth?s various regions. Even specific temperature and precipitation changes cannot be determined, as they will most presumable vary greatly from region to region.The most strategic factor in the success or failure of a harvest is a sufficiently wet soil during the growing season. A global increase in atmospheric temperatures most probably will cause a general increase in the frequency and duration of droughts and heavy rains, both damage to agricultural plumes. Extended droughts, such as the massive drought of the 1930s known as the ? remains Bowl,? have throughout history been the causes of massive crop failures. As the Earth?s temperature continues to rise, water supply problems will become more and more o... ...erature and degree centigrade dioxide levels. America and its farmers face a difficult tax in preparing for the effects of changing climate on agriculture. BIBLIOGRAPHY http//www.epa.gov/globalwarming/impacts/index.html http//www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/9717DD.html http//climatechange.gc.ca/english/html/impacts.html http//www.gcrio.org/ipcc/qa/cover.html http//www.gcrio.org/gwcc/part2.html http//www.whitehouse.gov/Initiatives/Climate/vulnerabilities.html Global Warming and Agriculture Essays -- GeologyGlobal Warming and AgricultureGlobal warming has been a major topic of environmental concern over the past several decades. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recently predicted a 1 to 3.5 degree Celsius increase in average atmospheric temperature above 1990 leve ls by the year 2100. Although this temperature increase may seem small, even an increase or decrease of a few degrees in atmospheric temperature is capable of causing drastic alterations in the agricultural process, among many other everyday issues. Though many studies have been done on the probable effects of an increase in global mean temperature, much is still unknown or only guessed at, due to a general lack of deeper understanding of Earth?s very complex climate system. The effects of factors such as climate variability, water availability, and quality of adaptive response by farmers to the changing climate cannot be determined conclusively. This results in a rather wide range of variability in predictions of global warming effects on Earth?s various regions. Even specific temperature and precipitation changes cannot be determined, as they will most likely vary greatly from region to region.The most important factor in the success or failure of a harvest is a sufficiently moist soil during the growing season. A global increase in atmospheric temperatures most probably will cause a general increase in the frequency and duration of droughts and heavy rains, both damaging to agricultural crops. Extended droughts, such as the massive drought of the 1930s known as the ?Dust Bowl,? have throughout history been the causes of massive crop failures. As the Earth?s temperature continues to rise, water supply problems will become more and more o... ...erature and carbon dioxide levels. America and its farmers face a difficult task in preparing for the effects of changing climate on agriculture. BIBLIOGRAPHY http//www.epa.gov/globalwarming/impacts/index.html http//www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/9717DD.html http//climatechange .gc.ca/english/html/impacts.html http//www.gcrio.org/ipcc/qa/cover.html http//www.gcrio.org/gwcc/part2.html http//www.whitehouse.gov/Initiatives/Climate/vulnerabilities.html

Romanticism Essay -- Romantic Movement Essays

ROMANTICISMIn the nineteenth century, the foundation of Ameri notify literature had a profound change. This was called from Reason to Romance or Romanticism. With numerous contributions of famous writers such as Irving, Cooper, Bryant, and Poe composed the stories and poems which all of them had a great value in the the Statesn literature. What is the Romanticism and how dies it effect to the American literature? By taking some compositions from these writers, there will be good answers for those questions. According to some information in English books, the critics said the name Romantic can be misleading because the Romantics do not necessarily write about the love. The Romanticism can be viewed as an artistic movement, or state of mind, or both. This movement seemed to be reaction against the dominant attitudes and approaches of the eighteenth century. Unlike the eighteenth century, writers who interest in reaction, logic, and scientific observation, the Romantics stressed the e xamination of inner feelings, emotions and the use of imagination. This seemed to be the first element in Romanticism. It appeals to emotion rather than reason. Also, the Romanticism explores the mysteries of nature and supernatural. It reflects interesting in nature because the Romantics describe their story and poem about America wilderness or countryside or they depicted nature. This element that the reader can recognize clearly in the compositi...

Kinds of Non-Profit Organizations :: Internal Revenue Services

Many people know about 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations, but other types of nonprofits are not as commonly known. The IRS established several sections of the Internal Revenue Code that nonprofit organizations washstand qualify below. An organization desiring to get into for nonprofit status, must apply under the section that fits its purpose. Understanding the types of nonprofits available and the qualifications for each helps you choose the correct section to apply under.According the IRS, five basic classifications of nonprofit organizations exist under slit 501(c)(3)of the Internal Revenue Code. Classifications include charitable, religious, educational, scientific and literary. A nonprofit organization may fall under one or more classifications. For example, a Christian charity providing food to homeless citizens could fall under charitable and religious classifications. Nonprofits must apply for federal tax-exemption as a 501(c)(3) by completing engineer 1023. 501(c)(3)no nprofits can offer tax-exempt donations to individual contributors.Nonprofit organizations formed to promote social and community welfare can apply for federal tax-exemption under share 501(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code. To qualify, organizations must provide a benefit to the general public. Organizations catering to a private group of people do not disturb eligibility requirements. An example of a 501(c)(4) is an organization that provides social resources to retirees. Charitable, educational and recreational organizations that do not qualify for 501(c)(3) status can apply under this section. Unlike 501(c)(3) nonprofits, 501(c)(4) organizations can participate in lobbying activities. Organizations whose primary business with the public reflects that of a for-profit corporation cannot qualify as a 501(c)(4). Nonprofits must apply for this status by completing Form 1024.Social clubs formed for nonprofit exempt purposes can apply for federal tax-exemption under Section 501(c)(7 ) of the Internal Revenue Code. Form 1024 is used to apply for a 501(c)(7). To qualify under this section, nonprofits cannot discriminate against citizens based on race, color or religion. However, religious 501(c)(7) organizations can limit its membership to those belonging to a extra religion. 501(c)(7) nonprofits must receive support from memberships fees and dues. Example of nonprofits with this status include college fraternities and sororities, country clubs and homeowners associations that meet for the purpose of preserving its recreation areas and facilities.

Women’s New Role Essay -- Essays Papers

Womens New RoleIn coming to extrapolate what it meant to be a girl I was affected by my era, womens sports, and the place that I was raised, as much as the independent feminist lifespan that my mom was exposed to and possessed. My m another(prenominal)s mom raised her to believe and accept the traditional female role. My grandmother put emphasis on the women staying alkali and existing solely as a support system for the man. She found comfort and security knowing that it was the mans burden to bring stem the bacon. My mother, however was influenced by the clock and took it upon herself to take care of herself and seduce her own money. At a young age she along with many other women of her time wanted to rebel against the expected role and thus have a more fulfilling life. Family and children were an important priority for her but she felt strongly that she could do more. Her parents had a wonderful and loving relationship but her father had three massive heart attacks at age 42 and was not suppose to live a year. My mother was one of the oldest of eight children and was well aware of her mothers very frightening predicament. This aforementioned life experience and her inherent desire to devise herself made her believe that women could do more. My mother did want to marry but wanted to be in the marriage because she wanted to not because she had to stay in an unpleasant situation. She wanted to make it on her own. She did not want a man to control her and most of all to tell her what to do. Her competitive drive for advantage in the business world was luckily passed on to me and gave me the self-assertion and perseverance that I need to get through life. My mother taught me that I was a woman, so things may be harder and that I must never e... ...s influential as my role models on the womens US national team. They all gave me the courage and confidence in myself as a woman. Today I am happy to see that women are coming together and trying to inspire each other to take on the world. By simply typing in Women Role model in goggle I found several sites for women engineers, doctors, and writers trying to make something out of their lives. I was happy to see that someday when my daughter is trying to pursue her dream that she will have options because of the risks these women took. And I will be dashing to be able to say that I was one of those women. Work CitedDorance, Anson. Telephone interview. 29 May 2003.Gonzales, Monica. Personal interview. 30 May 2003.Hamm, Mia. Go for the Goal. HaperCollings. NY 1999.Lilly, Kristine. Personal interview. 30 May 2003.UNCtarheel.com.May 31 2003.

Report on wide screen displays

A widescreen video is a movie, computing machine, or video recording image with a width-to-height scene ratio greater than the standard 1.371 Academy facet ratio provided by 35mm movie. concealing Aspect Ratio is fundamentally a step of the horizontal length of a boob tube ( or movie ) screen, in relation to its perpendicular tallness. In other words, a traditional telecasting has a Screen Aspect Ratio of 43. This means that a traditional telecasting has a screen that is four units prospicient for every triad units in tallness. Converting these units into inches would ensue in measurings of 4-inches by 3-inches or 8-inches by 6-inches, and on-and-on.By the same item, on widescreen telecasting ( such as today s HDTVs ) , the Screen Aspect Ratio is 16 units long for every 9 units in tallness, or 16-inches by 9-inches, 32-inches by 18-inches, etc A 169 screen thought ratio therefore consequences in a wider image try that a 43 facet ratio. This wider image scan allows both films originally film in widescreen and new, widescreen telecasting scheduling, to be displayed more accurately.Latest development in widescreen showWidescreen liquid crystal display showsBARCO s LC series of gritty-Resolution liquid crystal display shows has been specifically designed for usance in a broad assortment of professional applications. The LC household nowadayss chip, clear and color-accurate images on 42 , 47 and 56 screen sizes. Dedicated versions with HD-SDI inputs be available.Having about of the most advanced LCD engineering available today, BARCO s LC series stands for the ultimate in item. The LC series consists of a 42 and 47 show in native full high definition ( 19201080 pels ) and a 56 show in quad full high definition ( 38402160 pels ) .BenefitsHigh brightnessHigh contrast, even in high ambient visible radiation environmentsHigh declaration and pel densenessFrame lock and firing mechanism functionality depleted power ingestionLong life-timeExamples56 qua d full High Definition LCD showLC-562142 native High Definition LCD showLCN-4247 native High Definition LCD showLCN-4742 native High Definition LCD show with extra HD-SDI inputsLCS-4247 native High Definition LCD show with extra HD-SDI inputsLCS-47Technology used in broad screen show merchandisePlasma screen engineeringLED engineeringCRT ( cathode shaft tubing )Liquid crystal displayPlasma screen engineeringFlat panel plasma show is the latest show engineering and the best manner to accomplish shows with magnificent image quality and big, level screen sizes that atomic number 18 easy viewable in any environment. Plasma panels argon an array of cells, known as pels, which are composed of three bomber pels, matching to the colourss red, green, and blue. Gas in the plasma province is used to respond with phosphors in each bomber pel to transport forth coloured visible radiation ( ruddy, green, or blue ) . These phosphors are the same types used in cathode beam tubing ( CRT ) de vices such as telecastings and standard computing machine proctors. You get the rich dynamic colourss that you expect. Each bomber pel is separately controlled by advanced electronics to bring forth oer 16 million different colourss. All of this means that you get perfect images that are easy viewable in a show that is less than sixsome inches thick.LED engineeringThere are many consumer advantages to LEDs over incandescent or fluorescent fixture visible radiation bulbs. LED lights consume much less energy. They are 300 per centum more efficient than a compact fluorescent visible radiation ( CFL ) , and 1,000 per centum more efficient than an candent bulb. They have a really long life, about 50,000 hours of usage at 70 per centum of their original power. ( LEDs do nt fire out or spark, they merely melt. ) This works out to eight hours a cardinal hours for 13 old ages at 70 per centum power. A typical 60-watt incandescent bulb whitethorn last about 1,000 hours.LED lighting contains no erratic or other toxins. LEDs emit no extremist violet ( UV ) visible radiation, so they do nt pull bugs. They do nt bring forth heat, so they are cool to the touch. They do nt bring forth wireless frequence moving ridges, so they do nt interfere with wirelesss or telecasting broadcasts. They besides are immune to quivers and dazes.CRT ( cathode beam tubing ) The Cathode Ray Tube ( CRT ) is a vacuity tubing incorporating an negatron gun ( a beginning of negatrons ) and a fluorescent screen, with internal or external agencies to speed up and debar the negatron beam, used to make images in the signifier of light emitted from the fluorescent screen. The image may stand for electrical wave forms ( CRO ) , images ( telecasting, computing machine proctor ) , radar marks and others. The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is big, deep, heavy, and comparatively delicate.LCD ( Liquid-crystal show ) Liquid-crystal show telecastings ( LCD Television ) are telecasting sets that use LCD engineering to bring forth images. LCD telecastings are thinner and lighter than CRTs of similar show size, and are available in much larger sizes. This combination of characteristics made LCDs more practical than CRTs for many functions, and as fabrication costs fell, their eventual ascendency of the telecasting market was all but guaranteed.In 2007, LCD telecastings surpassed gross revenues of CRT-based telecastings worldwide for the first clip, and their gross revenues figures relative to other engineerings are speed uping. LCD TVs are rapidly displacing the lone major rivals in the large-screen market, the plasma show panel and rear-projection telecasting. Liquid crystal displaies are, by far, the most widely produced and sold telecasting engineering today, forcing all other engineerings into niche functions.Benefits of the WidescreenWhen used for amusement, a widescreen show is in its component when demoing widescreen DVD films in their intended 169 facet ratio. This means a bigger image more comfort and less otiose infinite ( less or no black bands on any side of the image ) .The widescreen show besides makes it easier to redact and see birds-eye images and may extinguish troublesome horizontal scrolling wholly.Another benefit of the widescreen show is discernible when it comes to serious work the ability to expose two Windowss side by side and to drag and drop ( or copy Ns paste ) information without place to exchange between them is invaluable.

Venus’ Mirror: An Image of Baroque Art

The Baroque period was one of the most colorful periods in European history. It consisted of many changes in the continent such as the development of Martin Luthers reformation, which was the birth of Protestantism. It was also a time when Feudalism was diminishing, leading the way to a government based on a single authority. In Spain, the outstrip Baroque mechanic was Diego Velasquez.He was born in June 6, 1599 in Seville and died in August 6, 1660 because of fever. He was an apprentice of Francisco Pacheco, who was a known disciple of Flemish and Italian realism which greatly influenced his works.In 1623, he went to Madrid, where he painted a portrait of King Philip IV. Afterwards, he was appointed as the official painter of the royal family for six years. past from religious paintings, he also painted works with mythological themes. Velasquez was a true baroque artist. This period of art was used by the Roman Catholic Church as a way to counteract the spreading Protestantism. In Velasquezs works, he served that purpose with his bodegones which focused on subjects that are found in everyday life and combined with religious scenes.He often used the people of Seville as models for his bodegones. The painting Venus at her reflect is one of the most famous paintings done by Diego Velasquez. Although baroque style originated from the Roman Catholic Church, it also gained attention from the secular side of the society hence, the mythological theme. Venus at her reflect portrays qualities that are found in baroque paintings depicting power, massiveness, and dramatic intensity. It is an cooking stove with high contrasts of light and dark colors.The painting shows Cupid without his twine and arrows and holds a mirror in front of Venus. What is interesting about this painting is that it does not clearly follow principles of optics as Venus reflection in the mirror seems blurring. This irregularity is one of the master(prenominal) characteristics of baroque art , where the very word itself means irregular. It is the very same mirror which catches my attention because it does not reflect the exact details of Venus face. What the artist is expressing in this painting is that what is seen is not Venus face but her image.Its baroque influence tells us that Venus is the goddess of beauty, and the beauty is unsurpassable that Cupid himself surrendered to it, laying down his bow and arrows. It is an exaggeration of beauty portraying dramatic intensity. This painting shows the bonnie body of Venus. However, Velasquez painted it in such as way that the observers look are led towards the mirror and not on the body. Thus, the painting is a reflection of realism. What we see in the mirror is only an image of a charming woman, but not Venus herself.In the human context, we observe that what man sees first is the image of a person and not the person himself. This reminds me of the first day of tutor of every school year, where students start to intr oduce themselves to one another. As the days pass, students would group themselves according to their image, creating a status quo. This labeling of people according to their general image prevents us from expressing our true selves and our values. Let us take note that in the painting, the mirror shows only an image of a beautiful woman.Will never know how beautiful Venus really was in the painting. The fact that her beauty is incomparable perhaps makes us look at it in another way. It may also be an indication that perhaps the real beauty is the one behind the image. References Diego Velazquez Biography, (n. d. ). Retrieved May 6, 2010 from http//www. spanish- fiestas. com/art/spanish-artists-velazquez. htm. Fitzpatrick, A. , (1978). The Baroque Period, Minnesota Creative Education, p. 7-12. Velazquez Venus at Her Mirror, (2009). Retrieved May 6, 2010 from http//www. paintingall. com/articles/velazquez-venus-a

The History of Body Modification

The History and Culture of frame Modification What is body change and why has it had such a large pretend on society? For centuries humans have been using their bodies as a canvas to identify themselves to the rest of society. Body modification lets a someone ache out or blend in it allows people to describe who they argon and where they come from without saying a word. There are legion(predicate) forms of body modification such as Tattooing, Scarification, Piercings, Stretching, Plastic Surgery, and Corseting. Each form holds a story, a reason why it is done. In the past three decades, Western body imposture has not only become a practice, and in some quarters a fashion, that has crossed social boundaries of class and gender, high gardening and low, but besides it has been greatly influenced by tribal practices, past and present. (Enid Schildkrout, Inscribing the Body, Para 10 outline 8) Tattooing The history of tattooing stems back guanines of years from all everywhe re the world for all dis space-reflection symmetryte reasons. In terms of tattoos on actual bodies, the earliest known examples were for a long eon Egyptian and were present on several female mummies go out to c. 000 B. C. But following the more recent discovery of the Iceman from the area of the Italian-Austrian border in 1991 and his tattoo casts, this date has been pushed back a further thousand years when he was carbon-dated at around 5,200 years old. The distribution of the tattooed dots and small crosses on his lower spine and right knee and ankle joints correspond to areas of strain-induced degeneration, with the tip that they may have been applied to alleviate joint pain and were therefore essentially therapeutic.This would also explain their somewhat random distribution in areas of the body which would not have been that easy to display had they been applied as a form of status marker. (Cate Lineberry, Tattoos -The Ancient and Mysterious History, Para 2 and 3) There i s evidence that wo manpower in Ancient Egypt had tattoos on various parts of their bodies, some on their inner thighs or on their hips, these tattoos were thought to help alleviate the pain of childbirth. Tattooing of ancient Egyptian women had a therapeutic role and functioned as a permanent form of amulet during the very difficult time of pregnancy and birth.This is supported by the pattern of distribution, largely around the abdomen, on top of the thighs and the breasts, and would also explain the specific types of designs, in particular the net-like distribution of dots applied over the abdomen. (Cate Lineberry, Tattoos The Ancient and Mysterious History, knave 2, Para 2, line 4) Scarification Scarification is another form of putting design on the human body. Scarification also known as cicatrization changes the strip downs texture by cutting into the struggle and then controlling how the skin heals.Many substances can be added to the cuts to turn the scars into raised bump s, or change the color of the skin. In some cultures, a smooth, unmarked skin represents an ideal of beauty, but people in many others see smooth skin as an unfinished, unattractive surface (American Museum of Natural History http//www. amnh. org/exhibitions/bodyart/glossary. htmltotop, para 10) In South Africa the practice of Scarification has lasted centuries and the techniques apply to produce the scared images have been passed from generation to generation.The custom of scarification is usually carried out by the young women of the tribe as a sign of beauty. The scar designs can be found on the vanity, stomach and backs of the tribal women. The following image parades three Tembu women with decorative scarification. Piercings Body bang-up is probably one of the more welcomed forms of body modification and involves piercing anything from earlobes to noses and even sexual body parts. Throughout history body piercings have been used to show status and age, and as wards and tali smans.There are many different types of piercings and many different reasons each was used. Sailors would get a gold earring to help improve eyesight, Ancient Egyptian women would pierce their belly buttons to ward off demons from entering through the belly button and harming their unborn children, Roman soldiers would pierce the nipple area of their armor. In many cultures ear piercings are done to show that the recipient of the piercing has reached puberty. In Borneo the parents of the child each take turns piercing an earlobe to symbolize the childs dependence on their parents.During the time of the Roman Empire, Roman soldiers would pay upper body armor that was shaped like a mans chest they pierced the armor where the nipples would be and used those ring to clasp their cloaks into place. This practice lead to the belief that they would only clasp their cloaks to actual nipple rings. Women of the 14th ampere-second were known for saping such low necklines that their nipples w ere often visible, women then began to pierce their nipples or use nipple caps to add decoration to their chest, sometimes fragile duress of gold, pearls, or diamonds would be linked between the piercings.These piercings were mainly worn among the upper classes of the 14th century. (http//www. painfulpleasures. com/piercing_history. htm) The Prince Albert is now as it once was, a popular male piercing, that not only enhances sexual stimulation but also allows the wearer to control where their penis lay inside the pants. The Prince Albert piercing is named after Prince Albert who was the husband of Queen Victoria of England. He was reputed to have had this piercing done prior to his marriage to the queen around 1825, at that time Beau Brummel started the craze for ultra-tight mens trousers.Because the pants were so tight, the penis needed to be held to one side or the other so as not to create an unsightly bulge. To accomplish this some men had their penis pierced to allow it to be held by a hook on the inside of the trousers, this piercing was called a Dressing Ring at the time because tailors would ask if a gentleman dressed to the left or the right and tailor the trousers accordingly, tailors to this day will ask if you dress to the left or right. (http//www. ainfulpleasures. com/piercing_history. htm ) Body Modification Making the body thinner and more graceful is something many cultures do, long thin neck lines, curved shapely torsos these are signs of beauty through the world. Throughout Europe and North America corsets have been a popular expression to give a woman curves and emphasize or deemphasize parts of her body. On the Thai-Burmese border tribal women wear heavy brass neck rings to elongate their necks as a symbol of beauty.Women of the Karen tribe wear heavy brass neck rings that give the appearance of long necklines. This particular form of body modification has likely been a Kayan tradition for over a thousand years. The primary reasons for wearing them now are for beauty and to preserve their culture while they are in exile. These long necks are a symbol of beauty in the tribe. The interesting thing about these neck rings is that they do not actually stretch the neck instead the rings ush down on the muscles around the collarbone giving the impression of a longer neck. Corsets were first popularized in the mid-16th century. At that time, the garment was used not to smirch the waist but to enhance the bust. The Victorian era brought many changes to corsets, which are still with us today. Modern corsets are shaped in the same way as the 1800s corset. Steel stays were introduced in this area, allowing corsets to reshape the body. Tight lacing was common, further reducing the waist and enhancing the bust and hips.Tight lacing is a way to wear the corset where over a period of months or years a woman can were the corset taking it off only at dark to sleep and each day when it is put on again it is tightened a little more than the day before. This is done so that the body holds the shape abandoned when the corset is taken off. Shapely hour glass figures are a seen as a mark of beauty. Throughout history people from all over the world have used various forms of body modification to tell people who they are. Tattoos, Lip plates, Piercings, Brass Neck rings, all say something about the person they are attached to.For centuries tribes have used tattoos to mark tribal leaders and spiritual leaders or to mark when a child has come into puberty and can be counted as an adult. Tribes in Africa use the body as a canvas and mark them with scar designs because a bare unmarked body is seen as an unused surface, while in other cultures an un-scarred unblemished body is seen as a thing of beauty. Brass neck rings are used to create beauty on women in tribes who find that the long, elegant design of a neck should be shown and accentuated.Piercings have always been used for a ample variety of reasons to mark an a ge, to decorate a bare chest, or to help improve eyesight and ward off demons. The reasons behind body modification vary, from culture to culture and for each gender. These permanent designs-sometimes plain, sometimes elaborate, always personal- have served as amulets, status symbols, declarations of love, signs of religious beliefs, adornments, and even forms of punishment. (Cate Lineberry, Tattoos -The Ancient and Mysterious History, Para 1 line 3)

L’oreal Tahiland Essay

LOreal is a beauty and cosmetic global company and is vastly spread company all over the world. The company is large coat as it is a Multi-National Company (MNC).LOreal offered a come of cosmetic products and beauty services through its fourteen brands they had in 2000, seg mented on the basis of worth and tar liquidate groceryplaces. Some of the brands were Biotherm which exclusively offered skin care productsKerastase offered only hair care productsPCI offered only fragrances and ancillary productsHelena Rubinstein & Lancme offered skin care as rise up as confine-up products LOreal Paris cover hair colours, skin care, make-up and hair care products. LOreal Professional offered services such as hair colouring and hair care treatment Maybelline was exclusively used for make-up productsGarnier only dealt with hair colours.LOreal offered their expertise in the service of women and men worldwide,meeting the diversity of their beauty desires with a number of brands which targete d different markets accordingly. Biotherm, PCI, Lancme covered the very high end market, LOreal Paris and LOreal Professional covered the high end and Maybelline and Garnier covered roughlyly mass market.LOreal Thailand had been performing poor after Asian crisis and was liner a decline in market share, low gross revenue and profitability. Chris Martins, was appointed as a Managing Director in order to help improver the profitably, sales and market share of LOreal in Thailand. LOreal Thailand had two different local agents which were Slampar and Thailor. Slampar was the oldest one which had a joint venture with a local conglomerate. Due to the high import duties on high life products Slampar manufactured some Lancme products locally and imported the rest of the line.ANALYSISCURRENT SITUATIONChris Martins, the new managing director was appointed to create a truly LOrealized company which upholds the long term values and deliver healthy profit satisfactory growth. The Asian crisis had negatively affected the market share, sales and profitability of LOreal Thailand. Thailand with a population of 63 million had the beauty market of Bt 26.6 billion. Thailand had set almost a retail revolution as immaterial retailers had entered the market and dominated all sectors. This had increase the level of competition and professionalism for LOreal Thailand as well as local companies.LOreal had two entities in Thailand, Siampar and Thailor which were later merged to form a wiz multi-division entity LOreal Thailand Ltd. But even after the merger the two companies did non talk to each other and had odds with each other. They in any case lacked media support ascribable to which some of their brands not even known in the market. The current goal of the company is to solve their issues and further professionalize and stimulate their teams so as to pass away in the Thai market. indwelling EnvironmentStrengthsLOreals two major brands LOreal Professional and Kerasotes ar e market leaders and had an excellent plan among top professional salons. ChrisMartin, who is a well experienced person in the LOreal industry, has been well utilized by the company in Thailand during the Asian crisis. From this we get to know that those who work sincerely with complete dedication & talent are given a prospect to make use of it.The new managing directorr knows the seriousness of the issues faced by the company and is ready to implement changes in the organisation. The new MD is willing to work on the issue as a team preferably than a self-centered approach. For a companys success, working as a team will overcome any barriers. The company is able to divulge the type of consumers whereby they croupe improve the quality of their business by concentrating on the type of consumers. LOreal in Thailand operated three divisions-luxury divisions, consumer division, professional division .This decentralized approach to handle respective responsibilities is a cracking c haracteristic whereby these three divisions can analyze their own areas and find the key areas to work on. WeaknessesLOreal Thailand is facing high turnover and is losing staff as the staff doesnt see any future of the company. The staffs are just considered to be mechanical employees. The company is not considered about their well-being. Thus experienced employees are lost, young people are to be hired that lack in maturity and motivation. They are not able to catch up with the budget and are facing financial problems due to limited sales.The working environment in the organistaton is not inspiring and motivating for the employees as well as the reward system is out of touch with the market. They lack media support as they do not arrive at enough funds to give notice (of) their brands.Thus in that location was no clear positioning of the brand in the minds of Thai consumers. The organisation is much leaner and less bureaucratic than the international adversarys.This company di d not have a good tie up with the Thai government that were more(prenominal) protective about the local companies. A company can fly high only in a well-coordinated and cooperative environment. Martin noticed that there was bitter rivalry among most of the retail sectors. The business was restricted to beauty products only.The company had to hypothecate out of the box in order to compete with the counter brands LOreal, Paris management turns out to be self-oriented and not concerned about the well-being of the validation. They are not willing to spend beyond the assigned budget. Turnover is highest in the support functions asthere is no HR Director at present. This is solely due to the narrow hiring criteria.External EnvironmentOpportunitiesLOreal Thailand has the opportunity to come up in the market as it has a number of good quality brands which lack awareness among consumers due to less advertising They could use direct sales for make-up and skin care products instead of reta il sales as this would help them to have direct interaction with their customers and know about their hires.LOreal can make specialised products specifically for Asian women so as to target the womens in the Thai market and increase sales. LOreal can expand their business to non-beauty products alike to increase their bar of business in comparison to the other leading brands. Beauty products can also be focused on men apart from women, thereby change magnitude a chance of rise in market. Online marketing should be put to best use to ease the customer needs and provide a niche solution in this technology driven generation. ThreatsLOreal Thailand has a lot of intensive competition in the beauty market due to the entrance of many strong foreign companies. One of the major threats would be the government regulations which could turn out to be deadly to shut down the business as the government tends to be more protective about their local companies. When similar products are introduce d in market by different companies, consumers tend to choose the product with minimal price to foregather their needs. The involvement of local companies in marketing of cosmetics can be a threat to the mass-cosmetic marketing.STRATERGIC CHOICEMethods of Pursuing StrategyExternal Environment AnalysisAnalysing & perusing the current market situation Current competitors in the market (Existing companies and new foreign companies) Finding out the Current Trends in the market The Current Pays ground on the market condition Identifying the customer needs, what is being sold in the market and the products having high demand in the market. Internal Environment AnalysisAnalysing the Internal Environment Improving the working Environment of the employees i.e. creating a positive office ambience in which the employees feel enlightened to work Providing deserving remuneration for the employees found on their expertise Coordination within departments Meeting the Working Capital Requireme nts bonny IN TIME strategy can be applied for the production litigate The HR Manager should be broad minded and should recruit new staffs and assign their position in the organisation based on their area of expertise and only skilled workers should be selected. Motivation of the employees by the Top Management.FOUNDATIONS FOR COMPETITIVE STRATEGY (Marketing Strategy)Promoting their products with the help of mediaSpecifically advertisements in televisions through which a large number of people can be reached over a vast geographical area. Various Sales Promotion methods can be used Price Reduction(Discount) quantity gift, Providing free samples, Product combinations, Sampling, Personal selling. Promoting products based on the customer needs (selected products having demand in the current market and excluding other products that are least preferent by the customers)STRATERGIC GAPExternal EnvironmentAs there were multiple foreign retailers and industries making their way in Thaila nd, the market share by LOreal was slowly and steadily declining by the entry of similar products in market. In order to increase the market share and revenue for the company, the managers should Study about thecompetitors strategy for sales and try to study the consumption of their products by different age groups. This can help them gain an additional advantage over other competitors. Internal Environment1. LOreal has different departments but there was very little or no communication betwixt the departments. So there is a need to improve the inter-department communication so the information can be reached throughout all the organization and they can work efficiently. This can be done bya) Team Building activities for the employeesb) Holding events like dinner or party so the employees can know each other.2. The organization also faced the problem of the employees leaving their job. The main point here is that the employees didnt have a satisfying work environment and adding to t hat the un-satisfying wages. This problem can be solved by the followinga) They should offer employees some incentives or bonus for extra time, extra paid leaves in case of break dance performance.3. The company also faced the problem of slow generating revenue. This was happening due to various factors. a) They were selling their products only through 2 types of retail outlets. This was not helping them to make the products in everyones reach. b)The company was issuing invoices to the retailers but receiving the payments only when the products were sold. These issues can be solved by Selling the products through more retail stores which help increase the sales. Collect the payments immediately while distributing the products to the retailers. Marketing StrategyThe problem in marketing department was that it didnt have the sufficient funds for promoting more about their products. The solution for this problem is that Reduce their operating expenditure by introducing JUST IN TIME s trategy. This will reduce the cost for storing the raw materials and as a result, thecompany can have a better margin over each product they sell.IMPLEMENTATION PLANDevelopment of alternative strategies enables to select the most apt strategy through proper evaluation of the success rate of each strategy. To make the selection of strategic process more effective, team members should have a clear understanding about the strategic goals thereby reducing uncertainties in decision making. Implementation of the pricing strategy, customer service and product ontogeny will definitely improve the firms performance.For the successful implementation of strategy there should be integration among the strategy implementation team and functionality between the various departments within the organization. If the corporate refining within the internal environment copes up with the rapid changes of external environment, the performance of the organization increases. Quality of communications plays a major role in the selection of strategy process. High quality communications within the organization can improve the firms market performance. Concerning the distribution of products, organisational and tactical planning needs to be done by selling of products through multiple retail stores in attractive ways by improving the ambienceintroducing new products through a trialincluding beneficial offers or discount rates to stay competitive introducing raffle draws to allure customersJUST IN TIME strategy will reduce the storage cost of raw materials and as a result, the company can have a better margin over each product they sell. It is important for an organization to be well aware of the software potentials to improve the organizations efficiency. Employee empowerment in an organization can be done byproviding necessary skills to the employeesproviding them authority to take up right decisions required for their job providing adequate information and resources to do their job re cognise the employees for their hard workbuilding confidence in themHuman resource management can improve the organizational performance by Introduction of lead training programs and enhancing the skills and capabilities of the employees mentoring by the senior employees to give deep insight to the kind of work they are doing promoting positive attitudes and increasing motivation and job satisfaction increasing budget scales to allow experimentation within the company in order to take risks to meet the rapid changes of the external environment Allotting responsibilities to the employees so that they can make full use of their capabilities.These are the ways to improve the relationship of the employees within the company, thus producing highly committed employees in the development of the company.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSIn conclusion, LOreal is placid the market leader in the cosmetic industry of Thailand because it is providing quality products to its customers. They need t o pay more attention to the relationships within the organization and between Tailor and Siampar as this will help them achieve their goals in the future. . Last but not least, well skills of managing conflicts, politics, controlling of power and the structured decision-making approaches within the organization structure and culture will assist LOreal Thailand to tackle with the challenges and come with a positive financial performance in order to remain the leader of cosmetics industry in Thailand.We would like to recommend the following to LOreal Thailand, firstly that each department should have a different decision making processes. Secondly the Managers should and need to gain from their mistakes as this will help them gain new information from their past failures. Thirdly they need to avoid the conflicts within the organization, the company should implement matrix organization to run the organization by listening more different ideas and respect the voice of colleagues, so th e problem solving can be more conciliatory and objective. Next the company should find out the current trends in the market and try to differentiate their product in order to face competitions. Finally the managers need to motivate the employees if they want the best from all of them.

Level 2 Paediatric Emergency First Aid

CU1514 Paediatric Emergency First Aid 20 pages 1. 1 Identify the responsibilities of a paediatric stolon aider. I should aim to preserve life, pr withalt the condition worsening, and promote rec all overy. Responsibility Description -Remain calm at exclusively timesAppear confident and reassuring -Conduct a flick surveyAssess the situation with unwrap Endangering my birth life. -Conduct a basal surveyIdentify and assess the extent of the Illness, injury or condition of the disaster. Attend to the require of otherEn original their synthetic rubber and conduct tikeren or bystandersbehaviour. -Send for medical armed serviceAmbulance, jurisprudence or emergency rescue services (as a for the first timely aider, I should always stay with the chance and send more or less superstar else to call for help if possible) -Give prompt, appropriate treatmentto preserve life, prevent the condition worsening and promote recovery -Take appropriate precautions to minimise infection nurture yourself and casualty by using appropriate techniques and equipment Arrange for pull ahead, qualified medical attention Transporting the casualty to hospital or arranging for medical interrogative sentence. -Reporting and recordingVerbal and written records, completing accident and incident reports -Maintaining first aid equipment, including first aid kits Ensure equipment is up-to-date and first aid kits be well stocked -Keeping up-to-date with first aid procedures Take part in regular updating and fostering 1. 2 Describe how to minimise the jeopardize of infection to self and others.I should do the following to minimise the risk of infection to self and others- * I should always wash my hands before and after giving first aid treatment * I should always wear disposable gloves for dealing with both first aid situations involving blood or other body fluids (e. g. vomit) * Cover the casualtys dissonant wounds with appropriate sterile dressings * get up sure my own cuts or sores are adequately cover by plasters * call appropriate protective equipment where my own safety may be put at risk, e. g. face shields * Dispose of whatever soiled dressings (e. g. lood soaked), or other first aid materials, in appropriate clinical waste disposal bags. 1. 3 Describe suitable first aid equipment, including personal protections, and how it is used appropriately. First aid equipment usually consists of collection of supplies for administering first aid, minimising the risk of infection and personal protective equipment (PPE). A first aid kit must be easily identifiable and clearly labelled, usually with a discolor cross on a green rumpground. It is important that first aid equipment is easily accessible and not locked away, it should be clearly signed.The first aid buffet should be run downed regularly to make sure that nothing is damaged and nothing is missing. The contents of a first aid kit may liberate slightly depending on the policies and proc edures of the setting. Some settings do not use plasters or cleansing wipes because of allergy risks for sisterren. General first and kits should never contain medicines of any kind, even basic painkillers. First aiders are not qualified to give medicines to children as they do not know the medical history or any allergies the child may have. A standard first aid kit leave al iodin usually contain the following * Sterile dressings of different sizes (e. . sterile gauze pads, pump pads) * Bandages of different types and sizes (e. g. triangular, roller, fingers breadth bandages) * Adhesive tape (non-allergenic) * Disposable gloves * Scissors * Tweezers * Safety pins * Disposable face shields * Disposable thermometers 1. 4 Identify what information needs to be included in an accident report/incident record, and how to record it. It is important that all settings complete a specific from to accidents and incidents, these forms are completed for this purpose. * It is a train- sharp ened requirement * It provides a record in the event of complications (e. . following a head injury). * It informs parents and carers. * It can help to monitor potential hazards in the setting. * It may be required as show in pretended cases of abuse of non-accidental injuries. discipline should always be recorded clearly and accurately and should be signed and go break by the first aider. Some accident report forms use body diagrams to help in the descriptions of specific injuries, for example, showing exactly where bruising appeared or the finical area where a child feels pain. The main information recorded should include- Details of the injured or crazy child (name, date of birth, main click details) Details of the accident or incident (date, time, where it happened) Details of action of treatment given (what happened, extent of any injuries, treatment given) Advice of further treatment recommended (e. g. hospital treatment) Information parents and carers (when and ho w parents have been contacted) Signature of the first aider, the date and time. Information should be written in black pen. 1. 5 Define an child and child for the purposes of first aid treatment.An infant is usually defined as under the age of one year and child from one year to approximately 12 years old. However, some first aid treatment will vary depending on size and weight of casualty and techniques should always be adapted accordingly. 2. 1 parade how to conduct a scene survey A scene survey involves your initial assessment of the emergency situation and deciding on the priorities of your action. Use your senses to assess what readiness have happened * Look for clues (e. g. an empty medicine bottle beside an unconscious child). * Listen to information form others (e. g. ther children telling you what happened). * Smell anything unusual (e. g. gas or other fumes) When conducting a scene survey, you must consider * Whether I or the casualty are in any danger (e. g. if the b uilding is on fire) * If the casualty has any lie-threatening conditions (e. g. not existent) * If any bystanders can help you (e. g. other children or colleagues) * Whether you need to call for further assistance (e. g. ambulance, police or rescue services). Conducting a scene survey helps the first aider to assess the seriousness of the situation and decide on the priorities for action.It also assist in deciding what further help, if any, is required, If there is more than one casualty, then the first aider needs to prioritise treatment, deal with the more or less serous first and remember that the quietest casualty often needs the most help. In name for help, the first aider must decide what help is required and how to send for help, some situations may involve sending for emergency services such as ambulance, police or fire and rescue. Other situations may need the assistance of another adult, a colleague, manager or supervisor. 2. 2 Demonstrate how to conduct a primary surve y on an infant and child.Once I have conducted a scene survey and decided on your priorities, then a primary survey will provide a more detailed assessment of the casualty. To do this you must consider DRABC. * DANGER -If you have not already make so, make sure the casualty is safe. * RESPONSE Ask the casualty Can you hear me? or what happened? If they respond, then you know that they are conscious and breathing and I should remain calm, reassure the casualty and continue with my examination If there is no response, then I should send for help and proceed as follows * AIRWAY Open the airway by gently tilting the head back and fosteringing the chin.This will prevent the casualtys tongue from blocking their airway. * BREATHING Look to see if the chest is rising and falling, attend for breathing sounds and range your cheek close to the casualtys nose and oral cavity to feel for breath. If the casualty is breathing normally, place them in the recovery position, unless you sus pect a spinal injury and continue with your examination. If the casualty is not breathing, then give five rescue breaths and prepare to begin kiss of life * CIRCULATION Check the casualtys pulse by feeling the major(ip) artery in the neck, (carotid artery) just below the jaw line. . 3 Identify when and how to call for help. The trained first aider should always stay with the casualty and send someone else to call to help. This allows for first aider to monitor the condition of the casualty and perform any treatment if required, for example carrying out kiss of life if the casualty stops breathing. Never leave an infant or child casualty unattended. If any of the emergency services are required, this should be done by telephoning, 999.It is essential o communicate the following information accurately * Which emergency service is required ( ambulance, police and/or fire and rescue service) * A contact telephone number (usually the number the call is made from) * The exact location of the incident(Local landmarks provide a useful guide) * The type and seriousness of the incident (e. g. lane traffic accident, school bus collided with dickens other vehicles, blocking a major road junction) * The number and approximate age of casualties involved (e. g. five children and one adult injured, two children in a serious condition).Once you have dealt with the priorities, you should now conduct a more detailed examination of the casualty. This will include any information from the casualty and the signs and symptoms. If the child is old enough, ask them what happened, how they fell and where they hurt. Other children or bystanders may also be able to give you information too. You should always deal with life-threatening signs and symptoms first. For example, obvious and severe release. A general examination should begin at the casualtys head and work win the body. cogitate to move the casualtys head and work down the body.Remember to move the casualty as little as po ssible and use your senses to look, feel, listen and smell. Use both hands to compare any differences amid the two sides of the body. calm down infants and young children with soothing words and a gentle touch. Signs to look for on examination of casualty Area to examinewhat to look for HEADAny expel, bruising or swelling (could indicator a fractured skull) FACEColour of the peel off, e. g. pale, wild blue yonder (could indicate shock) EYESUnequal pupil size, blood shot eyes MOUTHAny bleeding, vomit, blueness of the lips (could indicate poisoning) flushed, sweating, clammy.EARS AND NOSEAny bleeding (could indicate a fractured skull) WHOLE BODY, NECK, ARMS AND LEGS. Any bleeding, swelling, bruising or deformity (could indicate a fracture) 3. 1 Demonstrate how to place an infant and a child into the appropriate recovery position. The recovery position is very important in first aid. It places the casualty in a electrostatic position and ensures that an exculpated airway is main tained. The main advantages of the recovery position are * It prevents the tongue from falling back into the throat and blocking the airway and so maintains an open airway. Vomit or other fluid can drain easily from the casualtys mouth, preventing choking. * It keeps the casualty in a safe and comfortable position. convalescence position for infants and children. For an infant less than a year old, a modified recovery position must be adopted * Cradle the infant in you arms, with their head tilted downwards to prevent chocking on the tongue or inhaling vomit. * Monitor the infants breathing and pulse continuously. For a child over the age of one year, follow these instructions * Turn the child onto their side. Lift the chin forward into the open airway position and adjust the childs hand under the cheek as necessary * Check that the child cannot roll forwards or backwards * Monitor the childs breathing and pulse continuously. If you suspect spinal injury, use the jaw thrust techniq ue. Place your hands on either side of the childs face. With your fingertips gently lift the jaw to open the airway and take care not to tilt the casualtys neck. 3. 2 Describe how to continually assess and monitor an infant and a child whilst in your care. If an infant or child is unresponsive but breathing normally.It is essential to assess and monitor their condition while I wait for the ambulance to arrive What to check How to assess and what to note AirwayMake sure nothing is blocking the airway or obstructing breathing (e. g. vomit) BreathingNote the rate and depth of breathing and any changes (if the casualty stops breathing, be prepared to start CPR). Circulation Check the pulse at the neck (carotid pulse). Note the rate and strength of the pulse and any changes. ResponsivenessKeep talk and a spit outg questions, gentle shaking or pinching the skin to see if there is any response.Note any changes. Changes in general condition Check the colour of skin and lips. Note any bluen ess or other changes. Check for the presence of any bleeding or complaints of pain from the casualty. 4. 1 Identify when to administer CPR to a responsive infant and an unresponsive child who is not breathing normally. As a trained first aider, CPR should always be carried out if a casualty is unresponsive, is not breathing and has no pulse. The procedure should be followed even if you have doubts about its success and you should always carry on until help arrives.If possible, send someone else to call for an ambulance immediately, but if you are on your own, carry out CPR for one minute before calling. If there is any evidence of blood or other fluid around the childs mouth, then a disposable face shield should be used. 4. 2 Demonstrate how to administer CPR using an infant and child manikin. CPR Procedure for infants and children. CPR for infants (less than I year old) 1. Give five rescue breaths * Tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway * Seal your lips around the babys mouth and nose * Blow gently into the lungs, looking along the chest as you breathe.Fill your cheeks with air and use this amount each time. * As the chest rises, stop blowing and allow it to fall. Repeat four more times. 2. Give 30 chest compressions * Place the baby on a firm surface. * Locate a position in the centre of the chest. * Using two fingers, press down sharply to a third of the depth of chest. * Press 30 times, at a rate of 100 compressions per minute * After 30 compressions, give two rescue breaths. 3. Continue to resuscitate at 30 compressions to two breaths until help arrives. CPR FOR CHILDREN (1-12 years old) 1. Give five rescue breaths Tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway. * Seal our lips around the childs mouth and pinch the nose. * Blow gently and watch the chest as you breathe. Make sure your breathing is shallow and do not empty your lungs completely. * As the chest rises, stop blowing and allow it to fall. * Repeat four more times, th en check the childs carotid pulse. 2. Give 30 chest compressions * Place one or two hands in the centre of the chest (depending on the size of the child). * Use the heel of the hand with arms straight and press down to a third of the depth of chest. Press 30 times, at a rate of 100 compressions per minute. * After 30 compressions, give tow rescue breaths. 3. Continue to resuscitate at 30 compressions to two rescue breaths until help arrives or the child recovers. 4. 3 Describe how to deal with an infant and a child who is experiencing a seizure A seizure (also known as a convulsion or fit) consists of involuntary contractions of muscles in body. The condition is due to a disturbance in the electrical activity of the brain and seizures usually result in sledding of impairment of consciousness, the most common causes are epilepsy or head injuries.General signs of a seizure are * Sudden unconsciousness * Rigidity and arching of the back * Convulsive, choppy movements In dealing with seizures, first aid treatment must always include maintaining an open airway and monitoring the infant or childs vital signs (their level of response, pulse and breathing). You will also need to protect the infant or child from further harm during a seizure and practise appropriate aftercare once they have recovered. First aid treatment for a seizure includes * If you see the child falling, try to ease the fall. If possible, protect the infant or childs head by placing soft padding underneath it. * Make space around them and if necessary, make sure other children move away. * bow out dangerous items, such as hot drinks or sharp objects. * Note the time when the seizure started. * Loosen clothing around the infant or childs neck. When the seizure has finished * Open the airway and check the infant or childs breathing Be prepared to give CPR if necessary * Place the infant or child into the recovery position they are unconscious but breathing normally. Monitor and record vital sign s) level of response, pulse and breathing). * Make a note of how long the seizure lasted Do not move the infant or child unless they are in immediate danger Do not put anything in their mouth or use force to restrain them. If any of the following apply, dial 999 for an ambulance * The infant or child is unconscious for more than 10 min * The seizure continues for more then 5 minutes * The infant or child is having repeated seizures or having a seizure for the first time. 5. 1 Differentiate between a mild and a severe airway obstruction. INFANT Mild ObstructionCheck the infants mouth change any obvious obstructions. Do not sweep your finger around in the mouth (this could push any obstruction further down the airway). Severe obstruction Lay the infant face down along you forearm, with head low, support the back and head If the obstruction is still present, turn the infant onto their back and give up to five chest thrusts. (Using two fingers push inwards and upwards towards the head against the infants breastbone, one fingers breadth below the nipple line). If the obstruction odes not clear after three cycles, dial 999 for an ambulance.Continue until help arrives. CHILD Mild obstruction set ahead them to continue coughing Remove any obvious obstruction from the mouth. Severe obstruction Give up to five back blows with the heel of your hand. Check the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction. If the obstruction is still present, give up to five abdominal thrusts. Continue as for an infant. If I can not remove the obstruction dial 999 5. 2 Demonstrate how to treat an infant and a child who is choking. See answer 5. 1 5. 3 Describe the procedure to be followed after administering the treatment for choking.See answer 5. 1 6. 1 Describe the common types of wounds. These are several types of wounds that can result in bleeding * Incised a clean cut, for example from a knife * Lacerated a jagged cut, for example from barbed wire * Puncture a penetrating wound, for exa mple from a nail * Graze a surface wound, for example from a sliding fall * Contused a bruise, with bleeding under the skin. 6. 2 Describe the types and severity of bleeding and the affect that it has on an infant and a child Please see attached chart. 6. Demonstrate the safe and effective management for the harbour of minor and major external bleeding. Any open wound is a risk of becoming infected. It is very important to maintain good hygiene procedures to prevent infection between yourself and the injured infant or child. I should always wear disposable gloves and make sure that any cuts on your own hands are covered The most effective way of minimising blood loss from major bleeding is to apply direct pressure over the wound. If the injury is on an arm or a leg, raising the limb will slow down the blood flow and help to stop the bleeding.Minor bleedingFirst aid treatment * lave and dry your own hands an put on disposable gloves * Clean the cut, if dirty, under running water, a nd pat dry. * Cover the cut temporarily while you clean the surrounding skin with soap and water, and pat the skin dry * Cover the cut completely with sterile dressing or non-allergenic plaster Major bleedingFirst aid treatment * Wash and dry your own hands and put on disposable gloves * Apply direct pressure to the wound with a pad or sterile dressing. * ascent and support (if the injury is on a limb) * Lay the casualty down to treat for shock Bandage the pad or dressing firmly to control bleeding * If bleeding seeps finished the first bandage, cover with a second bandage. 6. 4 Describe how to administer first aid for minor injuries. In most first aid situations with children, injuries are likely to be relatively minor, usually with very little blood loos. A common minor injury involving bleeding with children is nosebleed. This usually occurs when tiny blood vessels inside the nostrils burst, either as result of an injury to the nose, or from sneezing, picking or blowing the nose . The first aid treatment for a nose bleed is a follows Reassure the child and ask them to sit down. * Advise them to tilt their head forwards * Tell the child to breathe through their mouth and to pinch the soft part of the nose (they may need help to do this). * After 10 minutes, release the pressure from the nose. If the bleeding has not stopped, pinch the nose again for two further periods of 10 minutes. * Once the bleeding has stopped, clean around the nose with lukewarm water. * Tell the child not to blow or pick their nose for a few hours (because this may disturb blood clots that may have formed in the nose).Do not let the childs head top back as blood may run down the throat and cause choking. If the nosebleed is severe, or if it lasts daylong than 30 minutes, the child should be taken to hospital. 7. 1 Describe how to recognise and manage an infant and a child who is get togethering from shock. The main signs of shock are * Pale, cold, clammy skin (lips could become blue in severe shock) * Sweating * Weakness and dizziness * Feeling sick and possibly vomiting * Feeling sick and possibly vomiting * Feeling thirsty * Rapid, shallow breathingThe main first aid treatment for shock is Give lots of comfort and reassurance. Lay the casualty down, raise and support their legs. Use a coat or blanket to keep them comfortably warm Do not give them anything to eat or drink Check breathing and pulse frequently. If the child becomes unconscious, put them in the recovery position If breathing stops, follow the DRABC resuscitation sequence. 7. 2 Describe how to recognise and manage an infant and a child who is suffering from anaphylactic shock.Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction which can be life-threatening. It is usually triggered by a substance, to which the casualty is highly sensitive, for example, drugs such as penicillin, insect stings or food such as peanuts. The main signs of anaphylactic shock are * Difficulty in breathing, wheezing o r gasping for air * General signs of shock * Swelling of the tongue and throat * Puffiness around the eyes * Extreme anxiety The main first aid treatment for anaphylactic shock is * Send for an ambulance Check whether the child has their own medication and help them to use it if trained to do so * Reassure and comfort the child * Treat for shock * If the child becomes unconscious, put them in the recovery position * If breathing stops, follow DRABC resuscitation sequence Children who are known to suffer from anaphylaxis will usually carry their own medication with them at all times. This is usually in the form of an EpiPen or similar device. An EpiPen is easy to use, although special training should be undertaken and you should always check the policies and procedures in my setting.

Bridge Design Process

Bridge Design Process In order to begin we moldiness start our origination process with the first beat. We have to get word the need. The scenario is that we need to connect devil pieces of land or structure so that a car moldiness be able to pass through it. In this go steady we are to rule and construct a link up for a matchbox car. The keep acquittance moldiness be made of balsa wood wood and glue only. It must support its own burden, the load of the matchbox car, and additional weights that will be added. Next we must identify what problem is given.In this scenario our problem would be that we have a car that wants to travel between the two areas that the distich is attached. We have only original materials that can be used in constructing our bridge. And using those certain materials it must be of a particular size. And once those criteria have been met we must have a strong bridge that will carry the weight of the car and each additional weights placed on it. Thi s bridge must have a bond design. Step terce of our design process we search for ideas.From our research we know that the triangle is the strongest shape in construction and this is why trusses are made up of triangles. Our bridge must be a truss bridge design. So we have done research as a group and individually on the unalike truss bridge designs. There are many different truss designs that already exist. So we have done internet research into the trials and tests put on these different designs to see what features are stronger than early(a)s. Then we look at the project constraints that are given to us.The constraints that we have are materials, roadbed size, cross section size, span opening, and overall bridge width. The materials can only be balsa wood and glue. Glue can not be on surfaces that are not bonded. The roadbed is where the matchbox car must be able to pass along the bridge. The roadbed must also be able to accommodate the loading immobilise with footprint, whic h is required for adding weights. There are also metre constraints on the roadbed. The cross section wood members must not exceed one-eighth by on-eighth inch.Span opening must be approximately four cardinal millimeters. The bridge has a minimum width of fifty millimeters with no maximum width constraint. There is no minimum or maximum height requirement. The design criterion is the fifth step in the design process. The criteria would include the cost, reliability, weight, maintenance, appearance, compatibility, safety, noise level, effectiveness, durability, feasibility, and acceptance. Cost is very manageable for our design since the only materials will be balsa wood and glue, which are relatively easy to find.The whole idea for the bridge design was something that could safely carry the weight of the car and the weight of the loading block plus all the weights that will be added. So therefore, when picking the design, we chose something that we thought would be reliable enough to carry all the required weights while safely allowing the car to pass through without flexing or collapsing. We also tried to make our bridge as light in weight as possible for the design because we will be competing for the lightest bridge if ours carries our predicted weight.The design appearance is very symmetrical which is pleasing to the eye. It is nothing too complex, which makes it very acceptable. This bridge is very compatible with any location or environment. Since our design is a very open design the noise level would be minimal since it is not enclosed. It is, overall, a very lasting and feasible design. Step six in the design process is to find election solutions. sooner we came up with our final bridge design we had many alternative solutions to the problem that would fit the need. In our group we have seven members.So we each individually did our own research about the materials, about trusses, and about different bridge designs. After that research we each came up with our own individual bridge design that we thought would be sufficient for the need. We then made a field of study of that bridge in our group journal. Then during our next meeting, we discussed each bridge and the strengths and weaknesses of each bridge. And from all those alternative solutions we came up together, using something from each individual idea, with a bridge design that was the best for the final product.For the analysis part of the bridge, we cogitateed mainly on design. Because this is a truss bridge, and the strongest structural shape is a triangle, we knew that we had to focus on the trusses in the bridge. We did research on the stronger and weaker truss designs. Through our research we found that the bridges that contained more triangles were the bridges that ended up holding up the best to stress being added. Along with the design, the physics behind the trusses were of equal importance.We included a truss analysis along with our bridge to determine if th e weight that the bridge has to support will be distributed along the length of the bridge evenly. Other factors that we took into account are how the bridge was going to be loaded. We knew the weight was going to be anchored to the middle of the bridge so we had to make sure that the weight would be evenly distributed to keep from collapsing. Our criteria from our decision matrix came from many different places. Before we each picked a bridge to input into our group journal, we had done a lot of research.We had to research what a truss bridge was and what made them strong. Then we had to be those ideas into our design. So once each of us had picked a bridge that we thought was sufficient for a final product that design still had to convince the other members of the group before it was chosen as the one design for the overall product. The final design was something that we all agreed would withstand the weight. For the specification part our project we have many things. First we ha ve all our bridge ideas sketched in our journal. We then have a detailed AutoCAD drawing of our final design.And we have a truss analysis of the angles of our trusses in our portfolio. The Bridge Design Process The Abstract We are given a project, or a problem, where we need to attach two masses with a bridge so that a car may be able to pass through it. The bridge must meet certain criteria and constraints. It must carry the car and added weights and still be safe. But before we can determine a bridge design, we must use our ten step design process to come up with a sufficient design. The following report goes in depth on that process and our decision process.

Gmr Case Study: Managing Hr in a Global Environment Essay

I. TERMS OF REFERENCEThis radical is a depicted object study of GMR international Company, which analyzes the different components and challenges of Human Resources Management faced by GMR in a international environment and through a theoretical review, establishes possible improvement strategies towards the creation of best practices.II. METHODOLOGYThis report is tell found on the interview held with the HR charabanc of the company complemented with primary research from books and electronic sources listed at the references and lecture and seminars contents.1. INTRODUCTIONIn a global market, how companies manage and handle their employees determines a key strategic role that ultimately creates a competitive advantage.Companies operate on an international in operation(p) level locating outbreaks in different countries and facing different cultural challenges.Managing resourceful humans requires a constant balancing in the midst of meeting the human aspirations of the people and meeting the strategic and financial require of the business. (Torrington, Hall and Taylor, 2008, p.3)A company through any domestic and internationalization make for mustiness delineate the basic needs of its employees in relation to their business guidelines, creating a balance between strategic and operational resource management. Businesses atomic number 18 valued for their intellectual capital and be projected by the management of nonphysical assetsThe purpose of this report lies in the evaluation of the different variables that a global company much(prenominal) as GMR must study, understand and reflect on its corporate strategy for the optimal development of their global operations, ground on a adequate personnel management and the creation of sustainable policies for the management and development of intangible capital.2. GMR INTERNATIONAL COUNTRY PROFILEGMR Group is a Bangalore headquartered global infrastructure major with interests in the Airports, Energy, Hi ghways and urban infrastructure, with its internationalist Headquarters base in London. GMR holds interests, directly and through its part sustainership of InterGen, in 15 operating business leader plants with all oer 8,800MW of generating capacity. In addition an impressive portfolio of approximately 12,000MW of gas, coal and hydro plants are in various stages of construction and development approximately(prenominal) in India and internationally.GMR has shareholding interests in 4 international airports (New Delhi internationalistic (P) extra GMR Hyderabad International Airport Sabiha Gokcen Airport LTD GMR Male International Airport Ltd)) handling 40 million passengers p.a and 9 road projects exceeding 700 kms of paved roads. GMR is fully committed to the development of infrastructure assets, and in the past dickens years has raised over US$ 3 trillion for the development of airports and anformer(a) US$ 2.2 billion for the development of power and infrastructure assets i ncluding US$1.1 billion for the acquisition of 50% of InterGen N.V, a global power generator.The Group through the dedicated GMR Varalakshmi Foundation, manned by committed professionals is actively obliged in Education, Health, hygiene and Sanitation, Empowerment & Livelihoods and Community-Based Programs, reaf sign of the zodiacing its grass root presence as variegate agents of society in the field of incorporate Social Responsibility.3. RECRUITMENTRecruitment is defined as searching for and obtaining potential note medical prognosiss in sufficient numbers and quality so that governance can select the most appropriate people to invade its bloodline needs. (Dowling, Engle and Festing, 2008)Recruitment is the disco genuinely of potential applicants for actual or anticipated organizational activities. Two conditions must exist for selection to occur, (1) the organization must create a nominee whom it is willing to employ (2) the candidate must be willing to accept an empl oyment twirl. Recruitment is the process of finding applicants who meet both of these conditions. (Andrews 1993)Organizations do not operate in a vacuum, and recruitment drives are one of the convictions an organization has direct contact with the outside world. Amongst other factors affecting recruitment, are the frame proceed imposed on enactment and that no organization will want to legislate money on unnecessary activities. (Foot and Hook, 2005)3.1 Recruitment Strategies on that point are 4 recruitment strategies, which are defined as such. These are1. Ethnocentric2. Polycentric3. Ptolemaic4. RegiocentricEthnocentric Polycentric Geocentric RegiocentricEthnocentric is a belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group. The firm basically believes that parent-country nationals are better qualified and trustworthy than host country nationals. Polycentric is a belief that topical anesthetic people know the local environment better than outsiders. Geocentric is the notion tha t the best people should be employed, regardless of their nationality. Regiocentric is the variation of staffing policy to suit busy geographic areas. 1.Based on Paul Coldwells seminar slides, 2011.GMR International uses all four of the above-mentioned strategies, depending upon factors mentioned below, * The requirements of the barter spatial relation to be filled in. * The home of the job in the hierarchy of the firm. If the job were a high position one, they would use the geocentric approach and if it were for a more than third-year position, they would probably use a polycentric approach. * They would not like to waste too much time or money on the hunt for the right candidate. * Even when they are looking for a candidate for a high position job, they harbour certain restrictions to be cautious about from the UK tolerance government agency and the Government. When using the geocentric approach.E.g. The Head of Airport is an Italian working in South Africa and would rep ort to the UK. Because he was an expert on airports, he was hired for the job. E.g. recently, when trying to bring in a Malaysian to UK, the UK B indian lodge Authority refused his sponsorship, so it did not work out. When using the polycentric approach.E.g. When looking for administrative support, GMR looks for local people to do the local jobs, as they would not like to waste the time and money to do a full UK or EU based search for something small such as skills.3.2 Challenges for hiring people at GMR International* GMR, as a brand, is not that well known in the UK and tit is also not as strong as some of their competitors, therefore, there is a hurdle of recognition. * GMR International is a non EU and non US organization* People are varying of working for a company, which is Indian by origin, yet headquartered in London. * People are not prepared to leave their jobs to work for a company with less work experience limited recognition as a brand and with limited track record.3.3 Outlining the Recruitment serveIn the process of recruitment, in the first instance, sources of prospective employees are located. In other words, from where the employees would be available. Thereafter, these sources are approached and efforts are made to attract the interested people to the organization. (Foot and Hook, 2005)The recruitment process at GMR International is not too different from those of other companies in UK. They look at the activities set out for the year leading and map it out according to the capacity that they stomach in their organization. When they do this, there are obviously, some gaps that need to be filled in, in entrap for them to work on some projects.In order to fill in these gaps, the organization makes certain decisions as to how to do this. This can be done by 4 methods,1. They could recruit temporary people2. They could get people on contract3. They could get that particular piece of work done somewhere else (outsource)4. They could hire som eone to do that jobWhen they go earlier and choose the fourth option, they look at as to how to approach the market, in the following ways, * E- enabled vehicles for the more junior staff as a lot of such recruitment takes place on web based applications. * They do not give much importance to the employees referral programme * They tend to use agencies search firms for the bigger, more senior positions * For the more junior staff, they recruit at bottom UK.* As the position make ups with seniority, they tend to engage colleagues from other offices to help them out, in case it can be managed within the GMR family.3.4 Post Recruitment & SelectionAt GMR, they are not very firm in their services to keep an employee with them. They do not rescue a support system or an evaluation program. Normally, at a firm, there is an evaluation program and a support system for the first 6 months. In this program, they make a check on the new employee on day 1 week 1 month 1 month 6. While, they have tried to be stricter in this aspect and tried different techniques for keeping an employee happy and with them, it has not ever worked well with them.4. EXPATRIATESWith globalization shaping our world, organisations are trying to expand their marketplace in order to increase their battle. In the industrialized countries, international working has be complete a common feature and the contact between different finiss becomes a regular thing in peoples social and professional lives.International HRM involves striking an appropriate balance between global integration and local adaptation in basis of resourcing, training and developing personnel, reward and performance management, employment relations including communications, and health and welfare (Porter, Bingham and Simmonds, 2008, p.400).So in this process of internationalisation, companies need to move people around and they have to make real that they do it in an effective way because of the high costs involved. Expatriat es have to deal with the changing they are deviation to occur, in culture, workplace, country and many more, the company must be reliable to prepare them appropriately in order to get the best from their experience both in the new location and fanny home when they polish their period.According to Tayeb (1996), some companies such as Natwest in the UK, Philips in the Netherlands and Groupe Total in France conduct across-the-board international in- kinsfolk seminars. In these courses they cover national culture varietys, family adaptation, local politics and laws and international finance, more over some firms send their future evicts, together with their family, to special language courses.Paul Colwell, former lecturer and HRM manager at Regents College states that an expatriate cost on average $250.000, or even more, which shows the importance of a computable HRM strategy. An expatriate should receive the right support before, in the mean small-arm and after his experience abroad. sooner he leaves, the company should prepare him to live in another country, through teaching the culture aspects (food, climate, politics and laws, standard behaviour etc.), suggesting him not to sell his house in his home town, because if something goes wrong with his experience it would be way better to have some place in which he can to return.The language is an central factor in order to make him effective in his new workplace and the company should permit him the possibility of language classes to attend. All of these pre-departure trainings should be joined by the whole family, in fact while for the local employees the company dont care about their family affairs, when you take in examination an expatriate the whole family becomes the companys business. Experience shows that the majority failures in expatriates program come from family problem and complaints.After the departure, a good way of managing expatriate, according to the theory, is to take care about thei r house in the origin country (rent it or doing the maintenance needed) and to find a house where they are going to live in the new country, taking in consideration the location and the comfort they might need. A good communication with the expatriate during the whole experience should be maintained in order to resist possible problems and to show him that the company doesnt leave him alone.The company should take care of the partner job in the new country (or/and hobbies) and register their children in schools in order to make sure that the employees family is comfortable in the new location.The return of the expatriate is an important moment, too often underestimated. The company priority is to make sure not to lose all the money it has invested on him by making him locate to change job.An interview at the return it is a necessary step, as offering him the right position deserved in the company and not the same job he had before he left field in order to maintain him motivated a nd happy, so they are not losing all the know how he gained through his years abroad.The period of the experience abroad it is variable, but following Paul Coldwell experience 3 years is and ideal length, because after that the employee may lose some of the attraction and interest in the job and start to decrease his learning.4.1 GMR PolicyFollowing the interview with the GMR HRM Manager, we found out that they do very little(a) for their expatriates, mostly because they just started their internationalisation and they are a medium entity in the business.They dont offer any pre-departure preparation, divergence it to the employees arbitrariness, they only thing they offer is a period of time that they could spend in the new country with their family in order to decide or not to go.GMR take about their VISA and immigration laws, moreover they find and pay the house in the new country, making sure that it is nice and well located. Moreover they pay for the double taxation (when it o ccurs) and they offer help in miserable their employees furniture when requested, paying for it. Their typical expatriate appointment last 2 years, according with GMR HRM manager.As seen so far their expatriate strategy is very poor and just offer little helps to their employees, leaving a high risk of failure and waste of money.4.2 Proposed PlanGMR in order to increase their competitiveness should set a better strategy for its expatriates. First of all the pre-departure preparation should be compulsory for everyone who decides to have for an expatriate experience and should comprehend the whole family (especially for language classes), because they shouldnt take the risk that their employees arrive in the new country and they are not able to integrate in the new position.GMR services to their expatriates, such as find a house, take care of the VISA and pay for the possible double taxation, are a good starting point but it is not enough if they want to make sure their expatriates program will be more effective.The company should take care of their expatriates proprieties in their home country, they definitively have to be more connected with their employees partners, in order to find them a job in the new country that would fit their current position, or/and taking care about their hobbies and their children necessities (such as school and sports).Eventually they have to develop a better repatriation system with complete feedback interviews and placing them in the position they deserve in order to gain value from their experience.5. CULTUREThe collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the process of one category of people from another (Lewis, 2006, p. 17)5.1 Organizational CultureThe culture of an organisation refers to the unique chassis of norms, values, beliefs, ways of behaving and so on that characterize the manner in which groups and individuals combine to get things done. The distinctiveness of a particular organisation is intimately bou nd up with. (Brown, 1998)It is always said that the knowledge sacramental manduction culture is part of good knowledge management initiative. It is said that effective collaboration and communication across a whole organisational structure spreads knowledge throughout. In order to change the current culture of the organisation the change needs to be initiated at individual level. Employees have a sphere of influence along with their own individual knowledge, and this is where he believes a knowledge sharing culture can begin.GMR as an Indian based company, headquartered in Bangalore with offices in different countries as well such as U.K, Turkey, Singapore and Dubai, have determine the need of bring the different cultures together.As this company has to hire multicultural staff as part of their induction programme, most of their staff goes to India, to learn GMR history, values and operations through education workshop and its one-year performance reviews.Working for an Indian co mpany, which has strong culture and values and beliefs, employees have to manage the transition from their experiences. GMR has employees from the multicultural regions. Whereas, it is an Indian family business organisation and they glue the bonds whether it is Singapore, Turkey or Dubai. They share their values to India and initially they engage with their employees for first 4-5 years of the company to give them awareness about the company whether they can live by them and able to promote them to other positions.That is how they bring multicultural nationalities under the GMR brand. Therefore, there is a lot of difference between the 2 cultures. There are a lot of differences and similarities between the companies in which people have seen few things before in their previous organisations or the things they havent seen before, in GMR.Individuals will have to adjust for the organisation but organisations will not adjust for individuals.As GMR is an entrepreneur company, it has a ve ry high regard for social responsibility. It has a set of values and cultures that can be shared and they are not company confidential.5.2 Shared knowledgeCulture is a shared phenomenon that people develop over time in response to shared experiences, which engender agreed values and mode of behaviours and which foster a similar outlook on the world.Working patterns that encourage people to engage in closed co-ordination and communication, which encourage them to identify the same problem and share the certain solution, and goals will be conducive to the formation of chock culture. (Brown, 1998) In GMR has focused knowledge transference culture among their 500 employees on the multiple layers. Employees have ongoing dialogues with the CEO on the day-to-day basis and once in a month everyone comes over for a breakfast in order to promote feedback in two-way direction.The biggest challenge for GMR is that how they leverage the knowledge within the Indian organisation with internation al organisation and back and forth. As Indian organisation is very process orientated and has a lot of process put in place around knowledge sharing. It hasnt gained that much attraction outside India as it could have.The company is still improving in the knowledge sharing aspect. The firm still need to put some enthusiasm in the knowledge sharing as knowledge sharing is not a common concept in UK, Turkey, Singapore and with the Bangalore colleagues and then back to the international locations. Whereas, people think its a burden instead of an opportunity. They need to change the learning ability of the people that they can learn something by being a recipient of knowledge.