Political Philosophy and Machiavelli Essay Example for Free

Political Philosophy and Machiavelli EssayNicolo Machiavelli is a well known philosopher of the Italian Renaissance from the sixteenth century. The return of the Medici family in Florence in 1512 forced Machiavelli out of office, and he wrote The Prince after retiring from the public. The Prince is one of his most famous works, it describes the means by which a clean draw whitethorn gain and maintain power. His ideas skunk be applied to saucily rulers ranging from a new principal to a new president of a new country. While discussing his ideas for new rulers, Machiavelli says Upon this a question arises whether it be better to be have a go at itd than feared or feared than loved? (Machiavelli 98). If a ruler is not sufficient to do both, it is better to be loved than feared. Machiavelli answers his own question through his ideas of what makes a successful ruler. He argues that a prince is much safer being feared than loved. Machiavelli says for love is hold by the link o f obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails. (Machiavelli 99). He says that being loved creates opportunity for being taken advantage of and being feared doesnt fail.Bringing fear to his people with scratchiness would make them united and loyal. Most people who are fearful of any authority fear punishment, so they are more inclined to not broom the line of disrespect. Without a doubt, being loved is more desired from the people and has a greater value compared to being feared, even though the perks of being feared can make a leader successful. Since its better to be loved than feared, there are three important characteristics to have to ensure that the new people youre control love you these characteristics are being honest, having respect, and being protective.Honesty is an important characteristic to have because the body of people youre ruling and the way they act is a reproval of yourself. If you make honest and good behavior a rudimentary value, your people will do the same. If you dont make honest and good behavior a key value, your people drug abuse trust that you are ever doing the right thing and telling the truth. Machiavelli says, Everyone sees what you appear to be, few experience what you re anyy are. (Machiavelli 106). His refer shouldnt be genuine if youre an honest and truthful leader.Machiavelli says in his quote that a leader does not show his complete self to everyone, that he displays an act of goodness to his people and precisely reveals what he really is to those who ask for it. cosmos an honest leader inside and out will only help gain your peoples trust and true love. This quote also ties into the one that reads it is unnecessary for a prince to have all the good qualities I have enumerated, but it is very necessary to appear to have them. (Machiavelli 250).Machiavelli says that a leader must put on a false face to his people and pretend to have qualities that he does not actually have. Its not delicious to hide yourself from your people because if you say youre going to protect them no matter what and you back out when something bad happens, your people will be disappointed and wont have trust in you. A successful leader who wishes to be loved should be honest to his people for who he really is because it will make it him respect. You cant gain respect without giving respect.Respect is one of the most important characteristics to have when being a leader because people always involve to be in an environment where they feel valued. A leader isnt going to be successful if their people arent happy and feel as if they arent important. If a leader is genuine with respect, his people will be more willing to spend a penny back respect and do as he says. Though, the truth is that it is important to give respect whether they feel the leader deserves it or not. As Machiavelli says, A prince is also prize when he is either a true friend or a downright enemy. (Machiavelli 250). It doesnt matter the relation you have with your leader, whether theyre a true friend or a downright enemy, youre going to respect them just because theyre your leader. Your people may not like what you do, but you will be respected. Its obvious that being respected out of actual love is the better than being being respected out of fear, and that good respect should lead to good confidence within the leader. The feeling of being protected is desired from a lot of people. If youre a new principal, your students and staff want locks on doors and an officer nearby.If youre the new president of a country, your nation wants to know that they have a reliable and strong army armed combat for and protecting the country. A successful leader should always be ready for whatever situations may come. Machiavelli says, He who does otherwise, either from timidity or evil advice, is always compelled to keep the knife in his hand. (Machiavelli 61). A leader should always be ready for quick action if some situation should arise. Your people will love and admire you if they know youre protecting them and is always cautious for quick problems.It takes great courage and confidence to take full responsibility for your peoples safety and well being. creation honest, having respect, and being protective are characteristics of being a successful but loved leader that have applied to people from before Machiavellis time all the way up to present day. Its easy to spot feared leaders such as Hitler apart from loved leaders like Martin Luther King junior Being loved not feared is better to be if you cannot be both because the people youre leading actually like you for who you are and are willing to do what you say, they arent frighten into doing it.Martin Luther King Jr. led his people with the same respect they gave him, he was honest and true with his feelings, and he went above and beyo nd to change the worlds way of how they treat colored people to protect them from getting hurt and discriminated any longer. His people loved and admired him for who he really was, he didnt hide anything. Martin Luther King Jr. was a successful leader because he was loved and possessed honesty, respect and protectiveness.

Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide EssayUnderstanding Disease Risk FactorsDescribe the differences between a chronic disease and infectious disease. What leading causes of death are nutrition-related?A) heart diseases, cancers, strokes, diabetesDescribe the concept of a risk factor.A) Factors known to be related to diseases, moreover have not yet proven to be a cause. We say that a certain factor puts us at gaind risk for a disease, but does not cause it. How does one use risk factors?Review the basics of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Be ready to identify the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (especially aliment-related risk factors) A) High LDL blood cholesterol, low HDL blood cholesterol, high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, obesity (central obesity), physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, diet high saturated or trans fats, low veggies, low fruits, low whole grains Describe the dietary strategies to reduce risk of CVD through diet. A) Decrease sa turated and trans fat, increase soluble fiber intake, increase fruits and veggies, increase whole grains/ decrease refined grains, increase fish intake (2 servings/week) What is the TLC diet and what does it entail?A) TLC = remediation Lifestyle Changes. From the NIH, designed to help decrease cholesterol through diet and lifestyle changes the same changes we saw in table 11.6, also recommends 2 grams per sidereal day of plant sterols What do plant sterols have to do with high blood cholesterol? A) Plant sterols the plant form of cholesterol.Slightly chemically different, prevent us from absorbing cholesterol in the intestines, currently only recommended for those with high cholesterolWeight ManagementWhat is meant by the concept of energy balance?A) Intake = end product weight maintenanceIntake output weight lossIntake output weight gainWhat is the significance of BMI? See chart on paginate 3 of (Module 10 Part 1) What is the risk of being overweight or obese?What are the ranges of BMI? (Know the numbers. What is healthy? Underweight? labored?) A) Underweight 18.5Normal = 18.5 24.9Overweight = 25 29.9Obese (class I) = 30 34.9Obese (class II) = 35 39.9Extremely obese (class III) 40What are the alternatives to BMI for predicting health status? A) Men 12-20% normal, 5-10% for athletes, 22% 35%

The Healthcare Quality Strategy Nursing Essay

The Health keeping Quality Strategy Nursing EssayThis screen will discuss a significant egress in relation to the peoples priorities identified within the Healthcare Quality Strategy. It will also discuss my business office as a student nurse in relation to a uncomplaining who is receiving p each(prenominal)iative care. The essay will demonstrate my understanding and views on manifestation and the issues surrounding my practice. I have chosen Gibbs (1988) pondering framework as it has a structured format and six steps which follow in methodicalness starting with a description of the event and odditying with an action plan for future practice. The steps are Description, Feelings, Evaluation, Analysis, Conclusion and Action invent (Gray, 2007). Reid, (1993) describes criticism as a process of reviewing an experience of practice in erect to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning ab come in practice.In May 2010, the Scottish political sympathies introduced the Hea lthcare Quality Strategy for NHS Scotland, their aim is to deliver the peoples priorities which are firstly fondness and compassionate supply and services, good communication and a clear interpretation about conditions and treatments, effective teamwork between clinicians, patients and others, a clean and safe care environment, continuity of care and clinical excellence. Secondly, to bring together the patients priorities as well as the values of everyone work within the NHS Scotland. Thirdly, by applying these three interventions and putting them into practice improvements within priority areas of the Healthcare Quality Strategy will be met (Scottish Government, 2010, p.6). This reflective account will focus on the importance of communication and how it can affect individuals. It will identify if the priority was met in relation to my significant event and it will further clarify its importance (Scottish Government, 2010, p.6).DescriptionWhilst on my Management Placement I met J anet, she is 65 years old and has been admitted to my ward for palliative care. She has end stage bowel cancer and is awaiting a bed at the local hospice. All names have been changed to protect her identity and maintain confidentiality (NMC, 2008). Janets GP has pass that she be admitted onto the ward as she is now confined to bed because of increased pain and a general deterioration of her condition (Dougan and Colquhoun, 2006).FeelingsWhilst carrying out my training as a student nurse, I have met a number of palliative patients and I feel that I lack confidence when communicating with these patients and their families at this challenging time. However, whilst on this placement I was able to build up a good rapport with Janet and her family and this allowed me to provide good patient centred care (NMC, 2008). Therefore when transaction with Janet and her family at this difficult time I must treat Janet as an individual (NMC, 2008) and I must provide the best care for my patient a nd be caring and compassionate always (Scottish Government, 2010, p.6). I was privileged to have the opportunity to be involved in Janets care as well as working within a ward of clinical excellence (Scottish Government, 2010, p.6).EvaluationWhen caring for palliative patients a holistic approach with continuity of care is extremely historic and all nurses have a central type in providing information, care and support (Kennedy and Lockhart, 2007). Excellent communication and good interpersonal skills are paramount when caring for Janet, it is important not only to establish Janets wants and needs but also her families. It is imperative when relaying any information to Janet or her family make for certain they understand it, if not explain the information to them again (NMC, 2008). Also when dealing with members of the multi-disciplinary team, effective teamwork is imperative again providing Janet and her family with continuity of care and the clinical excellence they require fro m all staff. I feel the Quality Strategy aim was achieved, as all staff when looking after Janet dealt with her in a caring and reassuring manner at all times, in turn providing Janet with the best care, whilst she was on the ward (Scottish Government, 2010).AnalysisPalliative care helps to improve the quality of life for patients and their families who have to come to damage with the difficulties associated with life threatening illness. It is about identifying the patients needs through accurate assessment, good symptom control and sensitive nursing care (Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care, 2012).When readying Janets care I must take a holistic approach and look at her physical, psychological, social, emotional and environmental needs. This included not only the patient, the hospital and any multi-disciplinary team members but also her husband and any other family members she would like involved (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). As Janets condition could change from day to day her care plan was reviewed on a daily basis and updated accordingly (Dougan and Colquhoun, 2006).Good communication is paramount when dealing with my patient, it is important to listen and support them and make sure any information they have been given, do they understand it, if not explain it to them again (NMC, 2008). It is also important to document any care given to the patient in accordance with the NMC guidance on learn keeping (NMC, 2009).In accessory to caring for Janet on the ward I was given the opportunity to go to the Hospice and meet with Janets palliative care nurse and also be included in her multi-disciplinary team meeting. This again highlighted the importance of good communication and good record keeping as all team members are aware of Janets circumstances and can pick up her file and know exactly what is happening with Janet at any given moment (Nice, 2004). This meant that when I was communicating with Janet and her family I was more confident and I was able to communicate in a language that they unsounded (Dunne, 2005). As well as building a trusting relationship between nurse and patient, good communication skills again helps to reduce fear and disquiet at this stressful time (Dunne, 2005).When dealing with patients who are receiving palliative care the peoples priorities are relevant. All nurses must be able to make the patient as comfortable as possible, be aware of their wants and needs and provide a safe and clean environment (Scottish Government, 2010, p.6).On reflection this event has brought further sensory faculty of the level of involvement of staff members from nursing auxiliaries, nurses and consultants. This was shown by the number of multi-disciplinary meetings, assessments, re-assessments, written correspondence and working hours placed into looking after this patient (NMC, 2009). All staff members were committed to providing the correct input and treatment for this patient and to make her last few days as comfortable as possible (Scottish Government, 2008).ConclusionThis reflection has demonstrated the difficultly in caring for palliative care patients. It requires a holistic approach to determine that the patient and their family receive the best possible attention. Nurses have a duty to ensure that the care they deliver is of an acceptable standard (NMC, 2008). While participating in ward rounds I took on board the doctors instructions and carried out and prioritised the care of my patient, therefore making Janets stay in hospital as comfortable as possible. The code provides values, which can be adapted to any place and as long as these are followed, nurses will be able to carry out their legal and professional duty of care (NMC, 2008).Action PlanPalliative care is a sensitive subject to deal with but I feel that as long as you treat the patient as an individual, listen to their wants and needs, then a positive outcome can be accomplished. Communication and good interpersonal skills are on ce again highlighted as an requirement part of good nursing practice. I must be an effective communicator and be able to provide a high standard of care at all times and this is imperative when dealing with palliative care patients. I must keep my knowledge and skills up to date (NMC, 2008).Identify Stepsthrough and through experience of this placement and in relation to my transition from student nurse to staff nurse the steps to facilitate an improvement and development would be to ensure effective communication with all staff and all members of the multidisciplinary team. This includes accurate record keeping and collection of all relevant information from the patient and their family in order to deliver safe effective patient care. It also promotes a positive nurse patient relationship and offers reassurance at this difficult time (Dunne, 2005). In addition palliative care does not only deal with cancer patients but with patients who have long term chronic illnesses such as mul tiple sclerosis, vegetable marrow disease and respiratory problems, therefore palliative care is relevant today and also in the future because we will be caring for an ageing community (Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care, 2012)In conclusion and in relation to The Healthcare Quality Strategy I feel that Janet was looked after in a caring and compassionate manner at all times and the nursing auxiliaries and nurses looking after Janet worked well together putting her first and treating her with respect at all times (Scottish Government, 2010).ConclusionIn conclusion and in relation to The Health Quality Strategy and my transition from student to nurse, Bowie (2010) states that positive practice should be highlighted as it allows others to learn from it and provides opportunities to improve the safety of patient care. Reflecting on these events has helped me to identify areas where practice needs improvement and given me a greater insight into my own role as a registered nurse.

Analysis of Role-based Access Control (RBAC)

Analysis of Role-based attack hold back (RBAC)ABSTRACT portal get wind outlines indoors an enterprise system atomic number 18 used to incorporate the actions, functions, finishs, and trading operations of legitimate substance ab exploiters within an institution and to protect the integrity of the in stoolation stored within the system. Role-based gravel chink (RBAC) is a relatively new rag guarantee system that maps to organizational-specific anatomical structures in a modality that reduces administrative costs and improves hostage. Although role-based credential models present existed for 20 years, their application has until recently been limited. We try to give a comparison between RBAC and traditional assenting cook got models and try to evaluate the contrary industries where these models posterior be utilized. We try to evaluate the NIST RBAC model as a standard for instrumenting RBAC and show the implementation by developing an application which uses R BAC for authentication and authorization for the computer system to be ingressed. This to a fault involves a discussion for different variations of the Role Based Access Control models according to NIST.INTRODUCTIONAccess meet is generally concerned with determining what drug exploiters and groups of drug substance abusers behind perform which operations on certain imagerys 10111. The fundamental problem is that each system and application for which entrance fee mis even out is enforced has a proprietary mode for creating and managing users, groups, and a system specific meaning of operations and objects. For m all organizations, the compute of systems can be in the hundreds or stock-still thousands, the number of users can range from hundreds to the hundreds of thousands, and the number of resources that must be defend can easily exceed a million.Organizations large IT infrastructure is a mix of hugely convoluted and incompatible operating systems, applications and databases spread all over the world. The organizations these days perk up a huge number of employees which keep increasing or change magnitude all the judgment of conviction according to the organizations need. It also has a working interaction with contractors, business partners, and customers, all of whom require rise to power to various parts of the infrastructure. Most of the companies confide on manual or semi-automated judicial system of users, controlling their admission charge to privileges for various resources on a busy system. This go forth inevitably become very complex and completely unmanageable if the organization is huge and the number of users of the system is in thousands or more. Often, different systems depart vex their own set of price of admission requirements with different sets of administrators who go forth have overlapping skill-sets, leading to poor use of resources. This creates an enormous administrative overhead e.g. If there is a single administrator who needs to update even 25% of thousands of users everyday, it leave al sensation al or so be impossible for the system admin to do so. Furthermore, if multiple administrators are acquired for this job it could cause conflicts so the system becomes almost impossible to handle and maintain. Also, it would cost much more than if you were to have a single administrator.As the complexity of the organizations IT infrastructure increases, the demand for access control administration crossways the enterprise outgrows the capacity of manual administration across the distributed systems. Increased administrative complexity can also result in increased errors that, in turn, can lead to increased aegis risks. It is best suited to use the access control models to restrict unauthorized access and avoid any security risks. Access Control Models have long been used in enterprise systems and ERPs so that the system is made secure and reliable, constricting access to sensitive an d clandestine information resources from unauthorised users 10. Different access control models are suited for different business applications and industries depending upon the scale and complexity of the system cosmos developed. This report will try to analyze the different types of access control models as discussed above, that whitethorn be suitable for a variety of businesses and manufacture applications, giving their feature of speechs, benefits and categoryification.This document will be covering many issues related to access control and various access control models. The critical analysis of each of the traditional access control model will be provided as rise as the comparisons with each other identifying their advantages and drawbacks. The industry specific implementation of each of the model will also be discussed i.e. which model is suited for which kind of industry and what models should be selected depending on the scale of the system. Then the more recent access control model which is being widely utilized nowadays will be discussed in more detail and its different versions will be evaluated. Also role-based access control will be discussed in different environments i.e. in a centralized application environment and also in a distributed application environment. In the end, there will be an implementation of the appropriate access control model for a extra industry application called BOS (Back Office System) that is a travel agency. This application will support the day to day business operations of the organization. The model used for this application will be Role-Based access control as the structure and requirements of the business will be supported using this RBAC. It does not require the ACLs of DAC and it does not need the high security of MAC because the access privileges can be interchangeable between the users of the system.BACKGROUNDAccess Control Models have long been used in enterprise systems and ERPs so that the system is made secure and reliable, restricting access to sensitive and confidential information resources from unauthorised users. The basic need of access control is to protect the system and its contents from intentional and unintentional damage, theft and unauthorised disclosure. The access control models that have been used in the recent decades are traditional access control models which are Access Control Lists (ACLs), discretional Access Control (DAC) and Mandatory Access Control. Role Based Access Control (RBAC) is a more recent access control model which provides an substitute for the traditional access control models.The most appropriate way to restrict access of resources from unauthorized users of the system is to use unrivalled of the traditional access control models as a means of implementing secure and reliable access for that system. There are many access control models present in this age of time which cater to different needs and provide different type of security depending on the nature, scale and type of the application as well as the industry for which the application is being implemented for.Traditional access control models base access control on the discretion of the owner or administrator of the data. below all traditional models, an end-users identity element determines which access permissions are needed. This section gives a brief introduction to the predominant traditional access control models as well as or so(prenominal) of the more recent models that have been utilized more recently. We discuss these models in more detail in the later sectionsAccess control arguments (ACLs).Discretionary Access Control (DAC).Mandatory Access Control (MAC).Role-Based Access Control (RBAC).Access Control ListsACLs is one of the most common access control model being used for securing operating systems, applications, computer resources and meshworks. When ACLs is selected as a model for implementing access control, each resource that needs to be secur ed has a list of users associated with them who are authorized to access the resource and even modify and make changes in it if they are allowed to. ACLs as a model provides ease of access for the security administrator to see which users have access to which resource within the application or system. Also, modifying access to a piece of information is relatively simple a security administrator can simply modify a user from the ACL list that is a user can be created, edited or even deleted easily.There is a corresponding ACL present for every data or application, but it is not necessary to have a corresponding list that gives the net income administrator information on all of the pieces of information to which a particular user has access. The besides way for the security administrator to find out just about any potential security violations on a particular data has to be checked by accessing each of the data item-by-itemly. If the security administrator demands to overturn al l the access privileges for a certain user, the administrator has to examine each list and then have to remove the user from each of the lists one by one.Responsibilities for a user in an organisation may change, in this kind of scenario this model becomes more complicated and hard to manage. Instead of removing the user from every ACL, the engagement administrator has to determine which permission needs to be removed, modified or added somewhere according to the new position of the user in the organisation. In some situations the user can be grouped together in the list making it easier to change the ACL by just modifying the group information rather than each of the users individually. In some other cases elaborate rules can be applied to ACLs to restrict access to particular resource.Discretionary Access Control Using Access Control ListsDiscretionary Access ControlThe user who owns the data is the one who control access to that data in the discretionary access control model. A CL is a model which is derived from DAC. DAC is a means of restricting access to objects based on the identity of subjects and/or groups to which they belong. The controls are discretionary in the sense that a user or process given discretionary access to information is capable of passing that information along to another(prenominal) subject 1.Discretionary Access Control is used to stop the user from accessing the protected objects on the system. The user may also be dependent to a subset of the possible access types available for those protected objects. Access types are the operations which are performed on an object by a user, the operations include read, write and execute. Usually an object belongs to a user or a user is the owner of that object, this means that only the owner of the object has the authority to distribute and revoke access to that object. The owner of the object may give and retain access to the objects they control based on the rules of the DAC. The identity of users and objects is the fundamental basis for controlling access in a system within this model i.e. DAC specifies which users have access to which part of the information.Mandatory Access ControlMandatory Access Control is different from other access control models in a way that the security it provides is based on hierarchy and assigns each subject and object a specific security level (e.g., classified, cabalistic, top secret etc.). The rules that govern the access to a particular for this model areNo read up.No write down or (own level write only). record down access gives users the ability to access any piece of information that is at or below their own security level. If a user has a secret security level, they are able to access secret and classified material but not top secret material. Write up access states that a subjects head must be dominated by the security level of the data or information generated. For utilization, someone with a secret clearance can only write things that are secret or top secret. With these two access control principles, information can only flow across security levels or up security levels 1.Mandatory Access ControlRole Based Access ControlIn traditional access control models the approach for granting access to resources within a particular system or an application is to specify permission for each of the user within an organization. If the user is allowed to have access to multiple resources or information within a system, the user must be delegate permissions for each of the resource. This approach is tricky and not the most reliable way of implementing access control. When users join, leave or change responsibilities within an organization, each of the users who changes status within the organization that users access privileges information must be updated for each of the permissions. Achieving the above requires a lot of resources, time and also is prone to errors as an organization can have hundreds of thousands of employees and updating each of the users information one by one is not an efficient way. RBAC get rids of this problem because it takes advantage of the users role as the key to access rather than the users identification.The basis for role-based model is the user-role and permission-role relationships. apiece user in a role-based environment may be assigned to multiple roles, and each role may have multiple users as well. The roles that are assigned to a user depend on their job and responsibilities, and each role is assigned permissions according to roles access privileges in the organization. Permissions determine the data and applications that may be accessed by which are also assigned to a role and that role is assigned to a user or multiple users. Users role can be in many forms e.g. jobs like (bank teller, bank manager), geographic locations (London, Newcastle) or individuals (shift supervisor, managers). The advantage of using this model is that users keep changing with in the organization whereas on the other hand roles or job responsibilities for a particular role remain the same. Therefore rather than implementing the security on the users manually, roles are created which are assigned to users and any addition in a job specification is changed in the role rendering which in turn changes the all the user with that role.RBAC is a technology that offers an alternative to traditional discretionary access control (DAC) and mandatory access control (MAC) policies. RBAC allows companies to specify and enforce security policies that map naturally to the organizations structure. That is, the natural method for assigning access to information in a company is based on the individuals need for the information, which is a function of his job, or role, within the organization. RBAC allows a security administrator to use the natural structure of the organization to implement and enforce security policy. This model decreases the cost of network administration while improving the enforcement of network security policies.RBAC is designed to centrally manage privileges by providing layers of abstractions that are mapped one-to-many to real users and real operations and real resources. Managing permissions in terms of the abstractions reduces complexity and provides visualization and a context for implementing complex access control policies. Abstractions can be centrally managed resulting in real permissions on real systems.Role-Based Access ControlDiscretionary Access Control (DAC)In a computer system, access controls restrict subjects (users and/or processes) to performing only those operations on objects (e.g., files) for which they are authorized. For each much(prenominal) operation, the access controls either allow or disallow that operation to be performed 3. DAC model works on the basis that only the owner of a resource has the capability to authorize other users to have access to the same resource. This means that the users who d o not have access to a particular resource and wants access to it, only the owner of that resource has the right to give access to them.In Discretionary Access Controls (DACs), each object has an owner who exercises primary control over the object. ACL is one of the chemical mechanisms which can be used to implement DAC and is one of the most widely used implementation for DAC. The access of information in DAC is based on the users identity and the rules that specify the users ability to have access to a certain protected resource or information. On the other hand ACLs are lists that specify users access privileges for the protected objects. DAC consists of set of rules which specify a users ability to access restricted resource or information. When a user wants access to a particular resource or information, the server searches the rule which specifies the users ability to have access to the particular resource which it wants access to. If the rule is found and there is a match fo r the user to have access than the user is allowed access to the resource, if there no match then the access for the resource to the user is denied. For example, there may be a rule which states that users from a certain group is not allowed to have access to a certain piece of information.Discretionary access control (DAC model) works on the discretion of the identity of the user. In DAC access to any object (files, directories, devices, information etc.) is only allowed if the owner of that object is willing to give access. Therefore, the basis of this model is creator-controlled sharing of information and identity of the owner plays an important role in the working of this method. The owners of objects can specify at their own discretion in what ways they want to share their objects to other users i.e. which other users can have what level of access to the objects they own. This can be implemented in a fairly simple way by using access control ground substance which contains th e names of users on the rows and the names of objects on the columns giving information of which users has access to which corresponding object. Regardless of how the matrix is represented in memory, whether by rows or by columns, the names of the users and objects must be used in the representation 1.ACCESS CONTROL MATRIXThe access control matrix is a combination of rows and columns with cells representing the permissions. In the matrix, the rows represent user/subjects and columns represent resources / objects. Regardless of how the matrix is represented in memory, whether by rows or by columns, the names of the users and objects must be used in the representation. For example, in a row-based representation an entry might read the equivalent of KIM can access KIMSFILE and DONSFILE. In a column-based representation, one might find the equivalent of DONSFILE can be accessed by DON, JOE and KIM 1. The entries in the matrix describe what type of access each user has to each object. Th is representation of rows and columns is dependent on the model or mechanism being selected for Discretionary Access Control. The table below exhibits a good example of an Access Control Matrix.ACCESS CONTROL MATRIXUsers / ObjectsKIMSFILEDONSFILEPAYROL1PAYROL2DOESFILEKimrwrrwrJoerDonrwrJonesrDoerwMgr JimcpcpcccJanrwrwThe access control matrix such as the example above is a graphical view of a set of users and their access rights on particular set of protected objects. The access types mentioned in the table above arer denotes read access.w denotes write access.c denotes control permission access.cp control passing ability.CHARACTERISTICS OF DAC MECHANISMSThe complete implementation of DAC is based on the information which is stored in the form of an access control matrix. DACs are oldest and most widely used class of access controls, the access controls for both Windows and UNIX are DAC. The Unix DAC, for example, has the well known three primitive permissions read, write, and execu te. When the initial implementation of DAC started, the five basic mechanisms that were used initially to represent information wereCapabilitiesProfilesAccess Control Lists (ACLs)Protection BitsPasswordsThe first two mechanisms that are capabilities and profiles represent the access control matrix information by row, connecting the accessible objects to the user. Whereas ACLs and security measure bits represent the access control information by columns, connecting a list of users to an object. In the above five mechanism we will be mostly concentrating on the ACL model which is the most widely used model out of all of the mechanism present for DAC and also in this section a brief description of the other mechanisms will be provided 1.CapabilitiesIn a capability-based mechanism for DAC, access to objects which have restriction on them being accessed such as files is granted if the user who wants access to it has the capability for that object. The capability is a protected identifie r that both identifies the object and specifies the access rights to be allowed to the accessor who possesses the capability 1. The basic properties of capabilities areThe capability of one user can be passed onto another user.The user who possesses capability may not alter or fabricate capabilities without the interference of TCB (Trusted Computing Base).If a capability mechanism is used to implement DAC than the implementation should possess the facility to transfer capability from one user to other users. This ability of transferring capability from one user to another cannot be controlled and therefore capabilities has to be stored, determining all the users access for particular objects almost becomes impossible. Because of this reason implementing DAC using the capability mechanism becomes very rough including the feature of revocation.A pure capability system includes the ability for users to pass the capability to other users. Because this ability is not controlled and capa bilities can be stored, determining all the users who have access for a particular object generally is not possible. This makes a complete DAC implementation, including revocation, very difficult. (Revocation may not be an issue, however, since a user who has access to an object can make a copy of the information in another object. Revoking the users access on the original object does not revoke access to the information contained in the users copy. After revocation, however, changes can be made to the original object without the knowledge of revoked users.)1.ProfilesThis is another mechanism which can be used to implement DAC and have been used in some forms for several systems. When using Profiles 1 to implement DAC, a list of protected objects is used to associate each user to the particular object. The object names are inconsistent and they dont agree on being grouped together, also their size and number are difficult to reduce. If a user has access to a large number of protecte d objects, the profile can also become very large and it is very complex to manage such a profile. In profile mechanism all protected object names should be unique to but in reality multiple objects can have multiple names, because of this reason full pathnames should be used to identify the objects uniquely.One major drawback of this method is that when creating, modifying or deleting access to protected objects requires multiple operations because multiple users might have access to the same object therefore those users profile must be updated. Revoking access to an object in time for a user is very difficult unless the users profile is automatically checked each time that object is accessed. Also if some object is deleted, it will require some method to check whether that object exists in each of the users profile or not, which is also an extra overhead.In general, with these two mechanisms i.e. Capabilities and Profiles it is very difficult to check whether which users have acce ss to a particular protected object. This is a very important problem that needs to be addressed in secure system and there exists more feasible and more efficient mechanisms, the above two mentioned mechanisms are not the recommended implementations for DAC.ACCESS CONTROL LISTS (ACLs)Another approach to implement the DAC model for access control using the access matrix is by means of the access control lists (ACLs). When using ACLs, each object is related with an ACL, these ACL entries indicate the authorities a subject possesses which can be executed on that object. In the ACL mechanism the access control matrix is represented by columns. By looking at an objects ACL it is light-headed to determine which modes of access subjects are currently authorized for that object. In other words, ACLs provide for expedient access review with respect to an object. It is also easy to revoke all accesses to an object by replacing the existing ACL with an empty one. On the other hand determini ng all the accesses that a subject has is difficult in an ACL-based system. It is necessary to examine the ACL of every object in the system to do access review with respect to a subject. Similarly if all accesses of a subject need to be revoked all ACLs must be visited one by one. (In practice revocation of all accesses of a subject is often make by deleting the user account corresponding to that subject. This is acceptable if a user is leaving an organization. However, if a user is reassigned within the organization it would be more convenient to retain the account and change its privileges to reflect the changed assignment of the user.)Several popular operating systems, such as UNIX and VMS, implement an abbreviated form of ACLs in which a small number, often only one or two, group names can occur in the ACL. Individual subject names are not allowed. With this approach the ACL has a small fixed size so it can be stored using a few bits associated with the file. At the other com plete there are a number of access control packages that allow complicated rules in ACLs to limit when an how the access can be invoked. These rules can be applied to individual users or to all users who match a pattern defined in terms of user names or other user attributes.Access control is required to achieve secrecy integrity, or availability objectives. ACLs have been a popular approach for implementing the access matrix model in computer operating systems. Some systems approximate ACLs by limiting the granularity of the ACL entries to one or two user groups. Other systems allow considerable sophistication. ACLs have disadvantages for access review and revocation on a per-subject basis, but on a per-object basis they are very good. More flexible representation such as authorization tables provide for superior management of access rights, but are usually available only in database management systems. In a distributed system a combination of capabilities for coarse-grained contro l of access to servers, with ACLs or authorization tables for finer-grained controls within servers, is an attractive combination 10.ACL MECHANISM WORKINGACLs allow any particular user to be allowed or disallowed access to a particular protected object. They implement the access control matrix by representing the columns as lists of users given over to the protected objects. The lists do not have to be excessively long if groups and wild cards (see below) are used. The use of groups raises the possibility of conflicts between group and individual user. As an example, the ACL entries PAYROL rw and Jones.PAYROL r appear to conflict, but can be resolved in the design of the DAC mechanism. The Apollo system has a multiple, hierarchical group mechanism. The ACL entry has the form user-id.group.organization .node. As in Multics, if the ACL specifies access rights for the user by user-id then group access rights are ignored. This allows a particular user to be excluded or restricted in ac cess rights 13. In the Apollo, if a user is not on the ACL by user-id, but is a member of a group, those rights are used and organization and node memberships are not examined. Multiple group mechanisms add more complexity and may facilitate administrative control of a system, but do not affect the utility of a DAC mechanism.Access to ACLs should be protected just as other objects are protected. The creation of groups m

What it takes to be a teacher

What it takes to be a teacherWhat It Takes To Be a instructorChoosing a career is a challenging, exciting, and perhaps even a threatening task for most to mean solar day (Morales, 1994, para. 1). You may have a clear appraisal approximately a career youd like to betroth. Then again, you might not have a clue (Mariani, 2011). In todays society there are thousands of careers to pick out from. Woman, as well as men are open to career options from Computer Engineering to instruct. As our society begins to advance there are legion(predicate) careers which can one day be taken over by more advanced technology, such as computers. Teaching however, is a career that leave alone always be in demand. Teachers are accountable for training fundamentals which are needed in everyday life. Not only is inform a promising career, it is also a rewarding and beneficial career. Pursuing a career as a teacher is very demanding, however, it can be a rewarding career.Teacher one whos occupation is to instruct (Merriam-Websters, 1993, p. 1059). The teaching process can be broadly defined as the transmission of knowledge (Morales, 1994, para. 14). Teaching developed into a profession after the early 1800s when the first teacher training was founded in Europe ( The World Book Encyclopedia, 2011, p. 68). Since the 1800s, teaching has long evolved and make up extremely important to society. Whether in elementary or high schools or in private or public schools, teachers provide the tools and the environment for their students to develop into responsible adults (U.S. department of Labor, 2009). Teaching is a career which I have always found interest in. A puzzling question comes to mind Why would anyone direct to teach in this day and age when there is such a wide range of careers from which to choose and when turn a teacher is being do tougher and tougher? ( Morales, 1994, para. 3). For me the answer to this question is simple. Teaching is a rewarding, and beneficial career . There is so much more to teaching then showing students how to read, and write. According to the United States section of Labor (2009) Teachers play an important role in fostering the intellectual and social development of children during their formative years. The path to becoming a teacher will require years of schooling. The traditional route to becoming a public school teacher involves completing a bachelors degree from a teacher education program and then obtaining a license (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009). Aspiring secondary school teachers most often major in the subject they protrude to teach, while also taking a program of study in teacher preparation (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009). Along with years of schooling, Every state requires a public elementary and high school teachers to obtain a teaching certificate before teaching in that state (The World Book Encyclopedia, 2011, p. 68). As technology continues to grow and people become more knowledgeable the requirements to becoming a teacher are gradually becoming more difficult. Evidence of tougher assay-mark requirements is widespread. State legislators are mandating teacher accountability by passing laws that make it more difficult to enter the teaching profession (Morales, 1994, para. 4). Being able to teach is not the only skill teachers need to have in order to land a teaching position. In addition to being knowledgeable about the subjects they teach, teachers must have the ability to communicate, inspire trust and confidence, and motivate students, as well as understand the students educational and emotional needs (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009). Although teaching may look simple there are many responsibilities a teacher h rares. They plan, evaluate, and assign lessons prepare, administer, and grade tests listen to oral presentations and maintain classroom make grow (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009). Teachers also hold another responsibility as stated by April Whatley, Teacher educators are those individuals responsible for the development of future teachers (2009). When one decides on becoming a teacher they must first top there are certain job conditions they will be forced to relieve oneself with on a daily rear. Teachers may experience stress in dealing with large classes, heavy workloads, or old schools that are run down and neediness modern amenities (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009). A positive aspect of being a teacher is the hours and vacations you receive. Unlike any other job most teachers work normal 40 hour work week, but have two months of paid vacation. Many teachers work more than 40 hours a week, including school duties performed foreign the classroom (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009). During the summer teachers have the advantage of a long vacation. Most teachers work the traditional 10-month school year, with a 2-month vacation during the summer (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009). Teachers salaries range widely depending upon where one works, how much they work and what degree they hold. Median annual earnings of kindergarten elementary, middle and secondary school teacher ranges from $47,100 to $51,180 (Krasna, 2010). Throughout the day teachers deal with students who can often cause stress when they become disobedient. There are also other factors that teachers deal with on a daily basis that can cause stress, such as grading large amounts of work. Teachers may experience stress in dealing with large classes, heavy workloads, or old schools that are run down and lack modern amenities (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009). Throughout most of the day teachers are working with students. Teachers are sometimes separated from their colleagues because they work alone in a classroom of students (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009). Like any other career there are many positive and nix aspects to becoming a teacher. One large advantage is all the paid vacation time a teacher has. All the extra time a teacher has allows them to pursue ot her things. During the vacation break, those on the 10-month schedule may teach in the summer sessions, take other jobs, travel or pursue personal interests (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009). Being a teacher also has its disadvantages, One challenge is that there isnt always a clear answer to the questions people nerve (Krasna, 2010). In todays society it is becoming more difficult to land a job as a teacher. The credentials to become a teacher becoming more difficult. Although, it is getting more difficult to land a job as a teacher, teaching is a career that will always be needed, regardless of what time period one is in, or where they are located in the world. Schools in the United States and Canada hire new teachers each year. Some opportunities go through because experienced teachers retire or leave to pursue other career paths (The World Book Encyclopedia, 2011, p. 68). There are many opportunities to increase you position as a teacher. Master of education programs typically prepare their recipients to be elementary secondary or special education teachers and can offer courses in teaching methods , curriculum and instruction , classroom management and mathematics (Krasna, 2010). According to the U.S. Department of Labor (2009)With further preparation, teachers may move into such positions as school librarians, reading specialists, instructional coordinators, and guidance counselors. Teachers may become administrators or supervisors. In some systems, highly qualified experienced teachers can become senior or mentor teachers, with higher pay and additional responsibilities. They guide and assist less experienced teachers while keeping most of their own teaching responsibilities. Being a teacher is an extremely beneficial career, although, it is definitely a career that is harder then it looks. Throughout all the research I have done, I have come to realize this is definitely a career I want to pursue and commit my studies to. There are many benefits to becoming a teacher. Teachers impact many lives and suffice many people. To attain my goal of one day becoming a successful teacher I will need to earn my degree in teaching. I hope to one day be able to lend the world my knowledge, and be considered a teacher. Teaching offers inner rewards a sense of having contributed to the amelioration of humanity, a sense of having made a difference in this ever-changing world (Morales, 1994, para. 14).

The Effect of One Tribe on an Entire Nation :: history

The Effect of One Tribe on an Entire NationThe papistical Catholic perform service service is a foundation of medieval European culture. However, certain people also had influential effects. These included pope Urban II, Walter the Penniless, and Peter the Hermit. Everyone in Europe belonged to the Ro gentlemans gentleman Catholic Church except Arabs, Jews, and the people of the Byzantine Empire.The position of Pope had great responsibility. The Pope had more power and wealth than any king or noble. However, most of the power of the church came from the excommunication. Anyone who had committed an offense against the church was expelled from it. Also, Christians were forbidden contact with anyone excommunicated, even if they were family. One show of the vast power held by the church involved King Henry IV. Pope Gregory VII excommunicated him in 1076 C.E. King Henry IV was forced to beg for absolution and was eventually forgiven by Pope Gregory VII because he was bound by his posi tion to resolve him. However, if an excommunicated noble remained defiant, he was forbidden to receive the Sacraments as well as the normal procedures. This rectitude kept the nobility in line. The church also had the power to extend sanctuary to anyone accused of an evil offense. Sanctuary was a place of protection. If a man was being sought after for a crime, one option was for him to enter the church, confess his sins, and be resolved. His seekers had no power over him while he was residing there. The church also provided an education for most people. The language of the teachings was Latin. Since the church was so large, the task of maintenance was great. Men and women who retreated from worldly distractions were called monks and nuns. Nuns held residence in nunneries while, monks lived in monasteries. Monks followed the discover of Benedict. This devoted them to certain work and prayer. Their work was significant though because Romans and Barbarians of the time considered wor k to be for slaves and below the level of even commoners. Their main duties were teaching and farming. Since the Catholic religion was such a significant part of every day life, people commonly journeyed to shrines on pilgrimages. Their journey was hard and was often considered a inwardness of penance for sins. The peasants who could not afford a horse on which to journey had to travel by footonly assisted by a staff.

The Loss of Freedom in Modern America Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv

The Loss of Freedom in Modern America Society exists in two realms ordinary and undercover. Thousands of years ago, the world realm was clearly defined as the political arena, where men interacted one with another, and the private realm dwelled among the work and labor of man. The progression from ancient Greece to modern day society has blurred the defining line between the two due to the increasing influence of money. In Greek society, the populace realm was a emplacement of action a place to come across granting immunity. As time progressed, wealth increased among individuals, making it less defined. These changes blurred the division between public and private realms because the public realm became controlled by wealth. This forced many out of the public realm and into the private realm, making it more difficult to achieve freedom. Simultaneously, individual idea led to an increase in knowledge about the world in general, leading to disproving what man c ommonly accepted as fact until that point. Now freedom was no longer as easily attainable and mans necessity for freedom merged into the private realm of work and labor. Therefore as the society progressed, laissez faire decreased and public and private realms were not as distinctly separable as they once were. In todays society, this blurred definition of what is necessary and free and how it is obtained is observed in modern America. Over the years, politics in general are no longer a public arena where every man eject achieve freedom. In America, there is a representative democracy, in which the people elect represent... ... loss of individuality in the public realm and the increase in conformity in society has led to some extreme expressions of desires for freedom. In conclusion, society was at one time clearly defined by public and private realms. The first was a place to achieve individual freedom while the other was a way to obtain basic human necessities with work and labor. Throughout the ages, there has been a progressive diminishment of the definition between these two realms of society due to the increasing influence of wealth on the public realm. As a result, individuals have become frustrated, for they can no longer achieve freedom in the public realm. Now, they result to extreme forms of expression to achieve their necessity of freedom in the hybrid society where public and private realms coexist.